Knench/Ancient: Difference between revisions
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===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
Out of the 25 consonants of | Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient Cubrite merged: | ||
* /x/ with /ħ/ into /ħ/ | * /x/ with /ħ/ into /ħ/ | ||
* /ɬ/ with /t/ (taw) into /θ/ | * /ɬ/ with /t/ (taw) into /θ/ | ||
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===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
====Inflection==== | ====Inflection==== | ||
The definite article was ''ʔaC-'' ( | The definite article was ''ʔaC-'' (~ Biblical Hebrew ''*haC-''). It caused gemination of the following consonant; if the following consonant was a guttural and thus could not geminate, it was lengthened to ''ʔā-''. | ||
The Biblical feminine singular ending ''*-ā́'' became unstressed ''-ā'', and the stress in feminine singular nouns in ''-ā'' shifted to penultimate (by analogy with masculine singular adjectives and 3fs perfect verbs). Other possible feminine endings are ''-t'', ''-θ'' or ''-δ''. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed ''-īm'' and unstressed ''-ōδ'', | The Biblical feminine singular ending ''*-ā́'' became unstressed ''-ā'', and the stress in feminine singular nouns in ''-ā'' shifted to penultimate (by analogy with masculine singular adjectives and 3fs perfect verbs). Other possible feminine endings are ''-t'', ''-θ'' or ''-δ''. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed ''-īm'' and unstressed ''-ōδ'', ~ Biblical Hebrew ''*-ī́m'' and ''*-ṓt''. | ||
Often ''-ā'' is found where Hebrew has ''-t''. | Often ''-ā'' is found where Hebrew has ''-t''. | ||
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====Other inflections==== | ====Other inflections==== | ||
The directive he | The directive he reflects as ''-a''. | ||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Adjectives are very similar to pre-exilic Biblical Hebrew. Adjectives can be put in construct state: e.g. ''ħṓli hā́bā'' 'lovesick (m.sg.)' (''ħṓli'' is the construct of ''ħṓlē'' 'sick'). | Adjectives are very similar to pre-exilic Biblical Hebrew. Adjectives can be put in construct state: e.g. ''ħṓli hā́bā'' 'lovesick (m.sg.)' (''ħṓli'' is the construct of ''ħṓlē'' 'sick'). | ||
A common way to express 'very, extreme(ly), great(ly)' was to use the prefix ''rō-'' (which caused mutation; borrowed from Proto-Celtic ''*ɸro-''; cognate to Irish ''ró-'', Welsh ''rhy'', both 'too, excessively'). At first only adjectives could take this prefix, but later it was also used on nouns (influenced by | A common way to express 'very, extreme(ly), great(ly)' was to use the prefix ''rō-'' (which caused mutation; borrowed from Proto-Celtic ''*ɸro-''; cognate to Irish ''ró-'', Welsh ''rhy'', both 'too, excessively'). At first only adjectives could take this prefix, but later it was also used on nouns (influenced by רוב *rubb 'multitude' used before a noun). | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Ancient Cubrite used all 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew; another stem (the L-stem; TibH פולל ''pôlêl'') remained fully productive in Ancient Cubrite. Ancient Cubrite also developed the binyan ''fuȝal'' (passive of ''faȝal'') completely, instead of merging it completely with ''fuȝȝal'' like Tiberian Hebrew. | |||
Verbs inherited the following forms from Biblical Hebrew: | Verbs inherited the following forms from Biblical Hebrew: | ||
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==Usage== | ==Usage== | ||
===Tense constructions=== | ===Tense constructions=== | ||
Ancient Cubrite preserved Biblical Hebrew verb conjugation quite well (even retaining the waw-consecutive), but also innovated tense constructions. This came from the fact that Celtic speakers attempting to use the aspect-based grammar of | Ancient Cubrite preserved Biblical Hebrew-like verb conjugation quite well (even retaining the waw-consecutive), but also innovated tense constructions. This came from the fact that Celtic speakers attempting to use the aspect-based grammar of Canaanite wanted to indicate tense unambiguously. The choice of whether to use the non-waw or the waw forms is purely syntactic; it depends on whether there is a preverb or not. | ||
*Pluperfect: ''hajā'' or ''wajjê'' + perfect | *Pluperfect: ''hajā'' or ''wajjê'' + perfect | ||
*Preterite: perfect or waw-preterite | *Preterite: perfect or waw-preterite | ||
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===Wishes=== | ===Wishes=== | ||
Wishes and prayers use a form of ħajj 'alive' + wa + the dependent prefix conjugation (from jussive). This is an evolution of | Wishes and prayers use a form of ħajj 'alive' + wa + the dependent prefix conjugation (from jussive). This is an evolution of an oath formula ''ħayy X...'' 'as surely as X lives'. | ||
:'''''ħajjōδ wa δagallēna hā-hasirōδ niᴛavōδ ham-mumallihōδ bā-harc kullâ wa baθ-θōruκaδâ bâ.''''' | :'''''ħajjōδ wa δagallēna hā-hasirōδ niᴛavōδ ham-mumallihōδ bā-harc kullâ wa baθ-θōruκaδâ bâ.''''' | ||
:''May the tree-spirits reveal mystical insights pervading the whole earth and the lush vegetation in it.'' | :''May the tree-spirits reveal mystical insights pervading the whole earth and the lush vegetation in it.'' | ||