Verse:Tdūrzů/Hebrew: Difference between revisions

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*Resh was usually an alveolar or retroflex approximant. Near coronals (so called ''peculiar resh'', with the same conditions as in our TibH) it was a trill [r] or a flap, as in our TibH.

*The emphatic consonants qoph, teth, and tsadhe were ejectives, as in [[Togarmite/Old|Old Togarmite]]. In coda, emphatic consonants had glottal reinforcement, preserved in ''Havohroh Măcubeleth'' and in Revived Holy Land Hebrew.

~~==Revived Holy Land Hebrew==~~

Hebrew in Lõis was first revived by English-speaking Jewish immigrants in the Holy Land. In addition to new native coinages, there are some Togarmite loans and cognatizations, such as סיף ['sajif] ''sayif'' from Togarmite ''seif'' and ענבר [in'bor] ''inbor'' 'amber' from Togarmite ''3ynbar'' (corresponding to Arabic loans in our Modern Hebrew).

Most speakers in the Holy Land today use a loosely Togarmite accent, but with an English touch. This accent is considered the "standard" in Lõis. In contrast, North American Hebrew speakers mainly use a Corded Ware accent.

* Stressed vowels are slightly longer than unstressed syllables.

* TibH /p t k/ are aspirated except after fricatives; voicing assimilation works like in English

* "overuse" of glottal reinforcement relative to Havohroh Măcubeleth: the Revived Hebrew phonemes /p t k ts/ are realized as [ʔp ʔt ʔk ʔts] after a vowel or /m n l/.

* beth, kaf, pe, tav without dagesh are [v, x, f, θ].

* vav is [v], like in Israeli Hebrew

* lamed not before a vowel is dark [ɫ] and is often vocalized to [w].

* A six-vowel system: /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/ = [i ɛ ɛ a o ø u~ü]. /ø/ is lowered to [œ] before [χ].

**Diphthongal realizations of /i e o/ as [ɪj~eɪ ɛɪ~aɪ ɑːʏ̯̈~aː] are often used in mockery of pretentious or Ultra-Orthodox people.

* resh is [ɹ]; in basilectal speech, non-prevocalic [ɹ] is dropped with compensatory lengthening. It causes the following phonetic changes to vowels.

**patakh + resh: קר TibH /kʼar/ 'cold' becomes [kʰɑɹ] ''car''

**kamatz + resh: דבר TibH /dɔˈvɔr/ 'thing' becomes [dovoɹ] ''dovor''

*segol + resh: כתר TibH /ˈkɛθɛr/ 'crown' becomes [ˈkʰɛθeəɹ] ''cether''

**tzere + resh: חצר TibH /ħɔˈtsʼer/ 'yard' becomes [xoˈtseəɹ] ''chotser''

**khiriq + resh: עיר TibH /ʕir/ 'city, town' becomes [iəɹ] ''ir''

**kholam + resh: חור TibH /ħor/ 'hole' becomes [xœɹ~xɞɹ~xɜɹ] ''chœr''

**shuruq + resh: סגור TibH /sɔˈɣur/ 'closed (state)' becomes [soˈguəɹ] ''sogur''

* Shva is dropped using similar rules to Israeli Hebrew. If shva is pronounced as a vowel, it is pronounced as [ə].

* Obstruent + /θ/ clusters are allowed, e.g. סתיו /sθov/ ''sthov'' 'autumn', שתה /ʃθɛ/ ''shthe'' 'drink! (m. sg.)'

* Ayin not before a vowel (whether shva, chataf or final) behaves much like in Israeli Hebrew: /aʕ eʕ ɔʕ oʕ iʕ uʕ/ = [ɑ: ea oa~o øa ia ua]. Nasal realizations [ɑ̃ː ɛ̃ː ɔ̃ː œ̃ː iɑ̃~ẽː uɑ̃~õː] may be present in proper and formal speech, but sounds affected in colloquial usage.

* /h/-dropping does not occur word-initially or on the onset of a stressed syllable, except possibly in function words. The /h/ in the definite article /ha/ is not dropped phrase-initially.

The grammar is nearly identical to our Israeli Hebrew (using suffix conjugation = past, participle = present, prefix conjugation = future/imperative, l- + infinitive construct = infinitive), but different phonological simplifications are made than in Israeli Hebrew and there are calques from English not used in Israeli Hebrew, such as מה מעלה /ma ˈmaːlo/ = "what's up?"

*The compensatory lengthening rule /a/ (patakh) to /o/ (kholam), /i/ (khiriq) to /e/ (tzere) is usually observed before an underlying geminate /ʔ/ (aleph or ayin) and /r/.

**In particular, the definite article is usually ''ha'', but always ''ho'' before Revived phonemes /ʔ r/.

*The /ʔu-/ allomorph for ו 'and' may be used hypercorrectly. In normative Hebrew this allomorph is only found before labials and C + shva where C != yud.

*Instead of ''vusvusím'' (from Yiddish which doesn't exist in the Lõis timeline) the derogatory term ''wotwotím'' (from English 'what, what') is used for Ultra-Orthodox Jews.

==Togarmite Hebrew==

@@ Line 259: / Line 259: @@
 *Resh was usually an alveolar or retroflex approximant. Near coronals (so called ''peculiar resh'', with the same conditions as in our TibH) it was a trill [r] or a flap, as in our TibH.
 *The emphatic consonants qoph, teth, and tsadhe were ejectives, as in [[Togarmite/Old|Old Togarmite]]. In coda, emphatic consonants had glottal reinforcement, preserved in ''Havohroh Măcubeleth'' and in Revived Holy Land Hebrew.
-==Revived Holy Land Hebrew==
-Hebrew in Lõis was first revived by English-speaking Jewish immigrants in the Holy Land. In addition to new native coinages, there are some Togarmite loans and cognatizations, such as סיף ['sajif] ''sayif'' from Togarmite ''seif'' and ענבר [in'bor] ''inbor'' 'amber' from Togarmite ''3ynbar'' (corresponding to Arabic loans in our Modern Hebrew).
-Most speakers in the Holy Land today use a loosely Togarmite accent, but with an English touch. This accent is considered the "standard" in Lõis. In contrast, North American Hebrew speakers mainly use a Corded Ware accent.
-* Stressed vowels are slightly longer than unstressed syllables.
-* TibH /p t k/ are aspirated except after fricatives; voicing assimilation works like in English
-* "overuse" of glottal reinforcement relative to Havohroh Măcubeleth: the Revived Hebrew phonemes /p t k ts/ are realized as [ʔp ʔt ʔk ʔts] after a vowel or /m n l/.
-* beth, kaf, pe, tav without dagesh are [v, x, f, θ].
-* vav is [v], like in Israeli Hebrew
-* lamed not before a vowel is dark [ɫ] and is often vocalized to [w].
-* A six-vowel system: /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/ = [i ɛ ɛ a o ø u~ü]. /ø/ is lowered to [œ] before [χ].
-**Diphthongal realizations of /i e o/ as [ɪj~eɪ ɛɪ~aɪ ɑːʏ̯̈~aː] are often used in mockery of pretentious or Ultra-Orthodox people.
-* resh is [ɹ]; in basilectal speech, non-prevocalic [ɹ] is dropped with compensatory lengthening. It causes the following phonetic changes to vowels.
-**patakh + resh: קר TibH /kʼar/ 'cold' becomes [kʰɑɹ] ''car''
-**kamatz + resh: דבר TibH /dɔˈvɔr/ 'thing' becomes [dovoɹ] ''dovor''
-*segol + resh: כתר TibH /ˈkɛθɛr/ 'crown' becomes [ˈkʰɛθeəɹ] ''cether''
-**tzere + resh: חצר TibH /ħɔˈtsʼer/ 'yard' becomes [xoˈtseəɹ] ''chotser''
-**khiriq + resh: עיר TibH /ʕir/ 'city, town' becomes [iəɹ] ''ir''
-**kholam + resh: חור TibH /ħor/ 'hole' becomes [xœɹ~xɞɹ~xɜɹ] ''chœr''
-**shuruq + resh: סגור TibH /sɔˈɣur/  'closed (state)' becomes [soˈguəɹ] ''sogur''
-* Shva is dropped using similar rules to Israeli Hebrew. If shva is pronounced as a vowel, it is pronounced as [ə].
-* Obstruent + /θ/ clusters are allowed, e.g. סתיו /sθov/ ''sthov'' 'autumn', שתה /ʃθɛ/ ''shthe'' 'drink! (m. sg.)'
-* Ayin not before a vowel (whether shva, chataf or final) behaves much like in Israeli Hebrew: /aʕ eʕ ɔʕ oʕ iʕ uʕ/ = [ɑ: ea oa~o øa ia ua]. Nasal realizations [ɑ̃ː ɛ̃ː ɔ̃ː œ̃ː iɑ̃~ẽː uɑ̃~õː] may be present in proper and formal speech, but sounds affected in colloquial usage.
-* /h/-dropping does not occur word-initially or on the onset of a stressed syllable, except possibly in function words. The /h/ in the definite article /ha/ is not dropped phrase-initially.
-The grammar is nearly identical to our Israeli Hebrew (using suffix conjugation = past, participle = present, prefix conjugation = future/imperative, l- + infinitive construct = infinitive), but different phonological simplifications are made than in Israeli Hebrew and there are calques from English not used in Israeli Hebrew, such as מה מעלה /ma ˈmaːlo/ = "what's up?"
-*The compensatory lengthening rule /a/ (patakh) to /o/ (kholam), /i/ (khiriq) to /e/ (tzere) is usually observed before an underlying geminate /ʔ/ (aleph or ayin) and /r/.
-**In particular, the definite article is usually ''ha'', but always ''ho'' before Revived phonemes /ʔ r/.
-*The /ʔu-/ allomorph for ו 'and' may be used hypercorrectly. In normative Hebrew this allomorph is only found before labials and C + shva where C != yud.
-*Instead of ''vusvusím'' (from Yiddish which doesn't exist in the Lõis timeline) the derogatory term ''wotwotím'' (from English 'what, what') is used for Ultra-Orthodox Jews.
 ==Togarmite Hebrew==