Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions
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'''Ăn Yidiș''' or '''Judeo-Gaelic''' (natively אן ייִדיִש ''ăn Yidiș'' /ən 'jitiʃ/ [ən 'jidiʃ], א קֿאילז׳א (קיניִ) ''ă Ghăylģă (gîni)'' /ə 'ɣəjldʒə (gɨni)/ '(our) native language' or אן לשון-°מאָר' ''ăn loșăn- | '''Ăn Yidiș''' or '''Judeo-Gaelic''' (natively אן ייִדיִש ''ăn Yidiș'' /ən 'jitiʃ/ [ən 'jidiʃ], א קֿאילז׳א (קיניִ) ''ă Ghăylģă (gîni)'' /ə 'ɣəjldʒə (gɨni)/ '(our) native language' or אן לשון-°מאָר' ''ăn loșăn-mhoŗ'' 'the mother language'; in-universe Hebrew: יידיש ''yidiš''; in-universe Standard Irish: ''Gaelainn na nGiúdach'' or ''an Ghiodais'') is the main vernacular of most major Jewish communities in Europe, the British Isles, Canada, the US, and Japan, in-universe called "Gaelic Jews" (''nă Yidîth Gelîth'') or "Ashkenazi Jews" (''nă hAșcănazîth''). With over 9 million speakers (most of them in North America), it is the most spoken Goidelic language in [[Verse:Apple PIE]]. It evolved from a [[Ăn Yidiș/Proto-Ăn Yidiș|Middle Irish dialect that migrated to Brittany]]. Ăn Yidiș is a possible answer to "What if Yiddish were Goidelic?" and is called "Yiddish" in in-universe English. | ||
On top of the inherited Gaelic vocabulary, it mainly borrows words from Hebrew and Talmudic Aramaic, but also from [[Azalic]], [[Galoyseg]], [[Thurish]], and [[Nithish]]. It is the Jewish language with the largest number of native speakers in Apple PIE. Among Judeo-Gaelic speakers, Hebrew (read with the Gaelic Hebrew pronunciation) and English are common second languages; Hebrew and Aramaic knowledge is required for Orthodox Jewish men. | On top of the inherited Gaelic vocabulary, it mainly borrows words from Hebrew and Talmudic Aramaic, but also from [[Azalic]], [[Galoyseg]], [[Thurish]], and [[Nithish]]. It is the Jewish language with the largest number of native speakers in Apple PIE. Among Judeo-Gaelic speakers, Hebrew (read with the Gaelic Hebrew pronunciation) and English are common second languages; Hebrew and Aramaic knowledge is required for Orthodox Jewish men. | ||
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Oy vey <- Nithish wė <- *wai? | Oy vey <- Nithish wė <- *wai? | ||
Should have less vowel reduction in both native and Hebrew vocab? | Should have less vowel reduction in both native and Hebrew vocab? facłuŗ instead of facłăŗ, șvü'us for Shavuot instead of șvües | ||
Should have a Scottish Gaelic bias in vocab | Should have a Scottish Gaelic bias in vocab | ||
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Compounds later than Proto-Ăn Yidiș are head-initial | Compounds later than Proto-Ăn Yidiș are head-initial | ||
Îș survives as a focus particle: ''Îș | Îș survives as a focus particle: ''Îș c̦ertüs, îș c̦ertüs ă orăt o-toaŗ'' 'Justice, justice you must pursue' (צֶדֶק צֶדֶק תִּרְדֹּף) | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
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** Aspirated stops (written פּ כּ תּ) are as strongly aspirated as in Mandarin. In Hebrew and Aramaic loans, this aspiration may be retained even after fricatives in careful speech. | ** Aspirated stops (written פּ כּ תּ) are as strongly aspirated as in Mandarin. In Hebrew and Aramaic loans, this aspiration may be retained even after fricatives in careful speech. | ||
** ''t d s'' are dental and may be slightly velarized. In some dialects ''t'' may be a fricative /θ/. | ** ''t d s'' are dental and may be slightly velarized. In some dialects ''t'' may be a fricative /θ/. | ||
** /h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ], but is [ħ̞] (weak [ħ]) before /a/ and [ | ** /h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ], but is [ħ̞] (weak [ħ]) before /a/ and [c̦] before /i/. | ||
*''ț z c̦ ģ l ŗ'' arise from Old Irish slender t d c g l r. ''ł'' arises from Old Irish non-slender l. The Hebrew-script orthography points to the fact that /ʒ/ and /w/ were pronounced as Czech | *''ț z c̦ ģ l ŗ'' arise from Old Irish slender t d c g l r. ''ł'' arises from Old Irish non-slender l. The Hebrew-script orthography points to the fact that /ʒ/ and /w/ were pronounced as Czech ŗ and dark l, respectively, when the IFDY spelling was first standardized. | ||
* The glottal stop is used in Hebrew and Aramaic loans (where it repressnts syllable-initial aleph and ayin) by careful speakers. | * The glottal stop is used in Hebrew and Aramaic loans (where it repressnts syllable-initial aleph and ayin) by careful speakers. | ||
*Lenitions: | *Lenitions: | ||
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* The genitive only survives in certain expressions and compounds. | * The genitive only survives in certain expressions and compounds. | ||
* The vocative survives only for the following words: | * The vocative survives only for the following words: | ||
** '' | ** ''moŗ'' 'mother': ''ă mhoŗ!'' | ||
** ''mac'' 'son': ''ă | ** ''mac'' 'son': ''ă mhic̦!'' | ||
** '' | ** ''dŗoŗ'' 'brother': ''ă bhroŗ!'' (irregular) | ||
** '' | ** ''dŗevăr'': 'sister': ''ă phiur!'' (irregular) | ||
** ''Zie'' 'God': ''ă Zhey!'' | ** ''Zie'' 'God': ''ă Zhey!'' | ||
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Hebrew words often form plurals in unstressed ''-im'' /im/ or ''-ăs'' /əs/ but native Celtic words may use them too and not all Hebrew words use the Hebrew plural. | Hebrew words often form plurals in unstressed ''-im'' /im/ or ''-ăs'' /əs/ but native Celtic words may use them too and not all Hebrew words use the Hebrew plural. | ||
Masculine nouns: Nouns beginning with a vowel take אנט ''ănd'', before a labial except /f v/ אם ''ăm'', before a historical liquid (''r | Masculine nouns: Nouns beginning with a vowel take אנט ''ănd'', before a labial except /f v/ אם ''ăm'', before a historical liquid (''r ŗ l ł'') א ''ă'', otherwise אן ''ăn'' | ||
*אנט אישז׳א ''ănd îșģă'' = the water | *אנט אישז׳א ''ănd îșģă'' = the water | ||
*אם בּיא ''ăm bia'' = the food | *אם בּיא ''ăm bia'' = the food | ||
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Middle Irish -amh/-amhan nouns either | Middle Irish -amh/-amhan nouns either | ||
* if feminine, the -amh is deleted and the plural is -ță (''tał, telță'' 'earth') | * if feminine, the -amh is deleted and the plural is -ță (''tał, telță'' 'earth') | ||
* if masculine, they change to ''-un, -unăn'' nouns ('' | * if masculine, they change to ''-un, -unăn'' nouns (''bŗethun, bŗethunăn'' 'judge') | ||
** Western dialects '' | ** Western dialects ''bŗethun, bŗethună'' | ||
** Ballmer Ăn Yidiș: '' | ** Ballmer Ăn Yidiș: ''bŗeythín, bŗeythínim'' (the Balămuriș cognate of Irish ''-ín'' has a different plural: ''-in, -inăn'') | ||
** Nidiș-Yidiș: '' | ** Nidiș-Yidiș: ''bŗithăv/-u, bŗithun'' | ||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
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: {{Hebpara|תּאָ אן סטוֹא אַק א כרינא °מאָראַל'תּא קוֹה ףאַטא, איס ףאָס א לוּפּאכט אתּאָר' א °צ'ערתּוּת.}} | : {{Hebpara|תּאָ אן סטוֹא אַק א כרינא °מאָראַל'תּא קוֹה ףאַטא, איס ףאָס א לוּפּאכט אתּאָר' א °צ'ערתּוּת.}} | ||
: '''''To ăn sdua ag ă chrină mhoráłtă gu fadă, îs fos ă lüpăchd ătoŗ ă | : '''''To ăn sdua ag ă chrină mhoráłtă gu fadă, îs fos ă lüpăchd ătoŗ ă c̦hertüs.''''' | ||
:''The arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends (lit. and yet bending) toward justice.'' | :''The arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends (lit. and yet bending) toward justice.'' | ||
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To emphasize ''șni'' 'we' you have to use ''feyn'' after it (șni itself comes from the emphatic form ''*siňə''). | To emphasize ''șni'' 'we' you have to use ''feyn'' after it (șni itself comes from the emphatic form ''*siňə''). | ||
emphatic suffixes for prepositions with pronominal suffixes: -să -să -șăn -șă feyn -șă -săn: e.g. for ''ăģ'' 'of, at' we have ''gumsă, gădsă, ģeșăn, | emphatic suffixes for prepositions with pronominal suffixes: -să -să -șăn -șă feyn -șă -săn: e.g. for ''ăģ'' 'of, at' we have ''gumsă, gădsă, ģeșăn, c̦ișă, gîni feyn, gîvșă, cusăn'' | ||
Another common way to emphasize a pronoun is to use ''feyn'' after it (e.g. מיִשא ףעין ''mișă feyn'' 'I myself', אן קיום ףעין ז׳ע ''ăn giyăm feyn ģe'' 'his very existence'). | Another common way to emphasize a pronoun is to use ''feyn'' after it (e.g. מיִשא ףעין ''mișă feyn'' 'I myself', אן קיום ףעין ז׳ע ''ăn giyăm feyn ģe'' 'his very existence'). | ||
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=== List of inalienable nouns === | === List of inalienable nouns === | ||
Family: | Family: | ||
* אַר׳ '' | * אַר׳ ''aŗ'' = father | ||
* מאָר׳ '' | * מאָר׳ ''moŗ'' = mother | ||
* טר׳אָר׳ '' | * טר׳אָר׳ ''dŗoŗ'' = brother | ||
* טר׳עבר '' | * טר׳עבר ''dŗevăr'' = sister | ||
* ''mac'' = son | * ''mac'' = son | ||
* ''înin'' = daughter | * ''înin'' = daughter | ||
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* כּאס ''căs'' = leg | * כּאס ''căs'' = leg | ||
* תּראָי ''troy'' = foot | * תּראָי ''troy'' = foot | ||
* צ'אָן '' | * צ'אָן ''c̦on'' = head | ||
===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||
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*țimpum 'around' suppletes: umum, umăd, em, empi, umîni, umîv, umpu | *țimpum 'around' suppletes: umum, umăd, em, empi, umîni, umîv, umpu | ||
*fă° 'under, among': fum, fud, fi, fithi, funi, fuv, fithu | *fă° 'under, among': fum, fud, fi, fithi, funi, fuv, fithu | ||
*In some dialects, îzăr 'between': edrum, edrăd, | *In some dialects, îzăr 'between': edrum, edrăd, îzîŗ, îzărthi, edrîni, edrîv, îzărthu. In the standard language, îzăr is most often a pseudo-preposition (i.e. a preposition that can't take pronominal suffixes); the plural forms ''edrîni, edrîv, îzărthu'' are literary. | ||
** the syntax for "between X and Y" in these dialects may be ''îzăr X îs îzăr Y'' or ''îzăr X lă Y'', influenced by Hebrew '' beyn X uveyn Y''/''beyn X le Y'' | ** the syntax for "between X and Y" in these dialects may be ''îzăr X îs îzăr Y'' or ''îzăr X lă Y'', influenced by Hebrew '' beyn X uveyn Y''/''beyn X le Y'' | ||
====Combinations==== | ====Combinations==== | ||
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====Civil months==== | ====Civil months==== | ||
Civil months just use the Latin names: | Civil months just use the Latin names: | ||
* | * Yánuŗ | ||
* | * Fébruŗ | ||
* | * Marț | ||
* Apríl | * Apríl | ||
* May | * May | ||
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* Yul | * Yul | ||
* Ogúst | * Ogúst | ||
* | * Septémbăŗ | ||
* | * Ogtóbăŗ | ||
* | * Novémbăŗ | ||
* | * Dec̦émbăŗ | ||
Goidelic names (cognate with Bealtaine, Meitheamh, Lúnasa, Samhain etc.) are used only in poetry. | Goidelic names (cognate with Bealtaine, Meitheamh, Lúnasa, Samhain etc.) are used only in poetry. | ||
====Jewish months==== | ====Jewish months==== | ||
E.g. ''T' ăn Hanîcă ă tăsăgh î 25 ( | E.g. ''T' ăn Hanîcă ă tăsăgh î 25 (fîșăd 's ă cuģ) Cîslăv.'' 'Hanukkah begins on the 25th of Kislev.' | ||
* Nisăn: Nissan | * Nisăn: Nissan | ||
* Ier: Iyar | * Ier: Iyar | ||
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* Ov: Av | * Ov: Av | ||
* Elăl: Elul | * Elăl: Elul | ||
* | * Tîșri: Tishrei | ||
* | * Heșvăn: Cheshvan | ||
* Cîslăv: Kislev | * Cîslăv: Kislev | ||
* Deyvăs: Tevet | * Deyvăs: Tevet | ||
* | * șvod: Shvat | ||
* Adăr: Adar | * Adăr: Adar | ||