Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions
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* conjunctive pronouns (the usual form that follows inflected forms of the auxiliary ''bi''): me t(h)ü șe și șni șîv șîd (3sg epicene is most commonly șîd); t(h)ăr 'impersonal pronoun' (rebracketing) | * conjunctive pronouns (the usual form that follows inflected forms of the auxiliary ''bi''): me t(h)ü șe și șni șîv șîd (3sg epicene is most commonly șîd); t(h)ăr 'impersonal pronoun' (rebracketing) | ||
* disjunctive pronouns (most commonly direct objects in independent clauses): me thü e i ni îv îd | * disjunctive pronouns (most commonly direct objects in independent clauses): me thü e i ni îv îd | ||
* | * copular pronouns: the forms used as copulas and cleft constructions; see the section on the copula | ||
All of these forms have emphatic counterparts: mișă, t(h)üsă, (ș)eșăn, (ș)ișă, șni, (ș)îvșă, (ș)îdsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms. These are used to address someone: ''Tüsă!''/''Îvșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns: אן אף תּוּסא, בּרוֹתּוֹס ''Ăn af tüsă, Brutus?'' 'Et tu, Brute?' To emphasize ''șni'' 'we' you have to use ''feyn'' after it (șni itself comes from the emphatic form ''*siňə''). | All of these forms have emphatic counterparts: mișă, t(h)üsă, (ș)eșăn, (ș)ișă, șni, (ș)îvșă, (ș)îdsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms. These are used to address someone: ''Tüsă!''/''Îvșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns: אן אף תּוּסא, בּרוֹתּוֹס ''Ăn af tüsă, Brutus?'' 'Et tu, Brute?' To emphasize ''șni'' 'we' you have to use ''feyn'' after it (șni itself comes from the emphatic form ''*siňə''). | ||