Dinka-inspired Lakovic: Difference between revisions

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[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]


[[Ăn Yidiș/Ăn Yidiș]]
[[Ăn Yidiș/Translations]]
[[Ăn Yidiș/Proto-Ăn Yidiș]]
[[Ăn Yidiș/Learăgüsiș]]
{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|image =
|setting =
|nativename =אן ייִדיִש ăn Yidiș
|pronunciation = ən 'jɪdɪʃ
|region = Europe; North America
|states =
|speakers = 9 million
|date = 2021
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam1=Indo-European
|fam2=Celtic
|fam3=Goidelic
|fam4=Old Irish
|fam5=Middle Irish
|script=Hebrew script
}}
In [[Verse:Apple PIE]], '''Ăn Yidiș''' or '''Judeo-Gaelic''' (natively אן ייִדיִש ''ăn Yidiș'' /ən 'jɪtɪʃ/ [ən 'jɪdɪʃ], א קֿאָלז׳ (קינ׳י) ''ă Gholģ (giņi)'' /ə 'ɣoldʒ (gɪɲɪ)/ '(our) native language'; in-universe Hebrew: יידיש ''yidiš''; in-universe Standard Irish: ''Gaelainn na nGiúdach'' or ''an Ghiodais'') is the main vernacular of most major Jewish communities in Europe, the British Isles (most of them in Scotland), Canada, the US, and Japan, in-universe called "Gaelic Jews" (''nă Yidith Gelith'') or "Tsarfati Jews" (''nă Țărfosith''). With over 9 million speakers (~70% of them in North America), it is the most spoken Goidelic language in [[Verse:Apple PIE]] and the most spoken Celtic language after [[Galoyseg]]. It evolved from a [[Ăn Yidiș/Proto-Ăn Yidiș|Middle Irish dialect that migrated to Brittany]]. Ăn Yidiș is a possible answer to "What if Yiddish were Goidelic?" and is called "Yiddish" in in-universe English.
On top of the inherited Gaelic vocabulary, it mainly borrows words from Hebrew and Talmudic Aramaic, but also from [[Azalic]], [[Galoyseg]], [[Thurish]], and [[Hivantish]]. It is the Jewish language with the largest number of native speakers in Apple PIE. Among Judeo-Gaelic speakers, Hebrew (read with the Gaelic Hebrew pronunciation) and English are common second languages; Hebrew and Aramaic knowledge is required for Orthodox Jewish men.
Its aesthetic is "Scottish Gaelic but more Romanian and [[Windermere]]."
==Todo==
Use a Vaybertaytsh font for the Hebrew script examples
To nă řołtăn curthă gu çert = The stars are right
chet in Heb loans = χ (Ăn Yidiș Hebrew should have final /h/ pronounced)
Geresh is ׳
Rafe is ֿ
Gàidhlig -chadh VNs correspond to ĂnY -ch
Final aspirated stops realized as gemination (cf. Estonian): אָז ''oz'' [odz~ots] 'then' vs אָץ ''oț'' [ots:] 'place'
Update Hebrew script examples
Add ņ in the same places where Gàidhlig has it (slender nn; e.g. madiņ ~ madainn 'morning')
Merge i and i
Hebrew m-, s-, ș- words should be masculine? Or just get rid of gender, șe/și/șin, make mutation lexical like Eevo?
(Modern Secular ĂnY) A minimal set: ''fer'' [fɛɻ] 'man', ''fear'' [feːɻ~feəɻ] 'grass',  ''fier'' [fiəɻ] 'to bend', ''fir'' [fɪɻ] 'very', ''fuar'' [fʊəɻ] 'cold'
șu/șin/șud can be used by themselves as pronouns: טע שין ''De șin?'' (< *ciod é sin) 'What's that?'
In "X is-the Y" type sentences ''cu'' 'who' and ''de'' 'what' can be used by itself: ''Cu tüsă?'' 'Who are you? (Identify yourself.)' (expecting an answer that is a definite noun) but to make other ''iș''-sentences into questions you have to use ''deș'': ''Deș efșăr lum ă zhean izăr?'' 'What can I even do?'
sr' > șr (dial. stŗ or ștŗ)
Oy vey <- Nithish wė <- *wai?
Should have less vowel reduction in both native and Hebrew vocab? facłuŗ instead of facłăŗ, șvü'us for Shavuot instead of șvües
Should have a Scottish Gaelic bias in vocab
How to say "daloy"
Fix (later) Hebrew loans
ü from Old Irish ú and other sources
Sound laws (IFDY Ăn Yidiș):
* ŗeł > ŗoł
* eal > 'ăł
** בּייאל'אך byăłăch 'path'
* ann eann ionn onn unn > on jon ien oan uan (same for -ll and -rr)
* ainn einn inn oinn uinn > eyn eyn in in in
* aidh eidh idh oidh uidh > ay ey i ăy i
* yü > yi (''Yüd-'' is still used in some dialects)
ק ט used for native g d
Semantic drifts
''To ănd iesg byu ă snov inș ănd ișģă'' = The living fish swims in the water
Compounds later than Proto-Ăn Yidiș are head-initial
iș survives as a focus particle: ''iș c&#x326;ertüs, iș c&#x326;ertüs ă orăt o-toaŗ'' 'Justice, justice you must pursue' (צֶדֶק צֶדֶק תִּרְדֹּף)
== History ==
{{main|Ăn Yidiș/Proto-Ăn Yidiș}}
{{main|Ăn Yidiș/Literature}}
==Names==
Nicknames may be formed with the ''-in'', ''-lăn'', or the double diminutive ''-(i)non''. For example, ''Yacăv'' 'Jacob' may become ''Yancin'', ''Yałcin'', ''Yaclăn'', or ''Yacnon''.
===Given names (non-Biblical)===
====Male====
*אַרתּ, אַרתּין Art, Artin 'bear', דובארתּ Doavart
*שיאנאך Șienăch (Sheenakh): 'fox' (also a surname)
*ףיאן Fien (Finn)
Vestigial genitive forms of names are still found in surnames, e.g. מאכּ שיאניח mac Șienith
====Female====
* כּלין Calin (Colleen)
* ניאב Niev (Niav, Neeve)
* שירה Șiră (Shira)
====Unisex====
*אַשלין Așlin (Ashlin, Ashleen): 'vision, calling'
===Surnames===
Elements that were oroginally patronymics:
*Gaelic: for men: מאַכּ/ניכּ חיים mac Haym "son of Haym (Chaim)".
** The counterpart for unmarried women is nic Haym; a wife of a mac Haym takes the surname מען מאַכּ חיים men mac Haym.
**''u'' (m) and ''ni'' +lenition (f) are not productive; typically names of pre-Ăn Yidiș Gaelic clans such as u Căyv (~ Ó Caoimh, O'Keeffe)
*Semitic: בּן/בּר/בּת חיים, חיימי ben (m)/bar (m)/bas (f) Chaim, Chaimi
*Azalic: חיימסאָן Chaimson, Chaimdotăr
Common surnames:
* Cuhăn
* Leyvi'', ''mac Leyvi
===Famous people===
*סקאָט מאַק אהרון Scott McAharon (Sgod mac Ahárăn) - quantum physicist and computer scientist
* Emil Artin
==Phonology of IFDY Ăn Yidiș==
The following describes the (somewhat artificial) standard, often called ''ăn Căyzon'', promoted by the Research Institute for Ăn Yidiș (אנט איִנסטיִתּוֹט ףיסיִףטאך טאן ייִדיִש ''ănd Insditud Fisifdăch dăn Yidiș''; abbreviated to איִףטיִ/IFDY /ifti/).
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+'''Standard Ăn Yidiș consonants'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!rowspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental/Alveolar
!rowspan="2" | Palatal
!rowspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>affr.</small>
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| '''m''' {{IPA|m}}
| '''n''' {{IPA|n̪}} ||
| '''ņ''' {{IPA|ɲ}}
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2" | Stop<br/>/Affricate
!<small>tenuis</small>
| '''b''' {{IPA|p}}
| '''d''' {{IPA|t̪}} || '''z''' {{IPA|t̪s̪}}
| '''ģ''' {{IPA|tʃ}}
| '''g''' {{IPA|k}}
|
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''p''' {{IPA|pʰ}}
| '''t''' {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || '''ț''' {{IPA|t̪s̪ʰ}}
| '''c&#x326;''' {{IPA|tʃʰ}}
| '''c''' {{IPA|kʰ}}
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''f, ph''' {{IPA|f}}
| '''s''' {{IPA|s̪}} ||
| '''ș, c&#x326;h''' {{IPA|ʃ}}
| '''ch''' {{IPA|χ}}
| '''h, th, sh, țh''' {{IPA|h}}
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v, bh''' {{IPA|v}}
|
|
| '''r&#x326;''' {{IPA|ʒ}}
| '''gh, dh''' {{IPA|ɣ}}
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Approximant
!<small>central</small>
| '''ł''' {{IPA|w}}
| '''r''' {{IPA|r}}
|
| '''y, zh, ģh''' {{IPA|j}}
|
|
|-
!<small>lateral</small>
|
| '''l''' {{IPA|l}}
|
|
|
|
|}
Notes
* In careful Ăn Căyzon, ''ŗ'' /ʒ/ is a retroflex fricative [ʐ], devoiced after voiceless consonants: סקר'יב ''scŗiv'' [skʂiv] 'to write'. However, in most modern accents it's postalveolar and merges with ''ș'' when devoiced.
* Stop + fricative clusters are distinct from affricates: some minimal pairs are דר'עבאר ''dŗevăr'' 'sister' and ג'עבאר ''ģevăr'' 'winter'; תּר'יִ ''tŗi'' '3' and צ'יִ ''c&#x326;i'' 'her (possessive pronoun)'.
* Aspirated stops are as strongly aspirated as in Mandarin. In Hebrew and Aramaic loans, this aspiration may be retained even after fricatives in careful speech.
* ''t d s'' are dental and may be slightly velarized. In some dialects ''t'' may be a fricative /θ/.
* /h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ], but is [ħ&#798;] (weak [ħ]) before /a/ and [c&#x326;] before /i/.
*''ț z c&#x326; ģ l ŗ'' arise from Old Irish slender t d c g l r. ''ł'' arises from Old Irish non-slender l. The Hebrew-script orthography points to the fact that /ʒ/ and /w/ were pronounced as Czech ř and dark l, respectively, when the IFDY spelling was first standardized.
* The glottal stop is used in Hebrew and Aramaic loans (where it repressnts syllable-initial aleph and ayin) by careful speakers.
* /n/ assimilates to [ŋ] before /k kʰ/.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Standard Ăn Yidiș vowels
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! rowspan="2" |Central
! rowspan="2" |Back
|-
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /ɪ/
| '''ü''' /y/
|
| '''u''' /u~ʊ/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /e/
|
| '''ă''' /ə/
| '''o''' /o/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
|
|}
In addition, there are the following diphthongs: ''ea oa ie ua üe ay ey ăy oy uy üy'' /eə oə iə uə yə aj ej əj oj uj yj/
* /e o/ are mid [e̞ o̞].
=== Stress ===
Most Hebrew and Aramaic loans are stressed on the second-to-last syllable, like Hebrew loans in Yiddish, but some common Hebrew and Aramaic loans are stressed on the initial or the third-from-last syllable instead. What loans this happens to depends on dialect. In Standard {{PAGENAME}}, antepenultimate stress occurs regularly whenever the third-from-last syllable ends in a geminate consonant: e.g. רבּנים ''rábănim'' '(Orthodox) rabbis' (plural of רב ''rav''), קבּלה ''Gábălă'' 'Kabbalah', and also irregularly, as in חנוכּה ''Chánică'' 'Hanukkah'.
tsere in closed ultimate syllables reduces to i
=== Intonation===
Like Scottish Gaelic but mostly syllable-timed. Questions do not differ from declaratives in intonation. In exclamations the intonation is just more exaggerated than normal.
=== Miscellaneous ===
* ə V > V: (cf. Israeli Hebrew)
== Mutation ==
Ăn Yidiș has lenition and h-prothesis but no eclipsis.
*Lenitions:
**b /b/ > bh /v/
**d /d/ > dh /ɣ/
**f /f/ > fh /0/
**g /g/ > gh /ɣ/
**c /k/ > ch /χ/
**c&#x326; /tʃ/ > c&#x326;h /ʃ/
**m /m/ > mh /v/
**p /p/ > ph /f/
**s /s/ > sh /h/
**t /t/ > th /h/
**ț /ts/ > țh /h/
**ģ /dʒ/ > ģh /j/
== Dialects ==
The inherited Gaelic vocabulary of Ăn Yidiș has historically been extremely dialectally uniform, because Ăn Yidiș arose from a founder event and spread rapidly over a wide area. Historically, Ăn Yidiș dialects mainly differed in accent, syntax and function words, and some vocabulary (what Semitic and other loanwords are used and how they are pronounced).
''Ăn Căyzon'' is based phonologically on phonologically conservative Western European dialects and grammatically on the old Hasidic dialect which was spoken in our Czechia (read: close to our Scottish Gaelic but simplified a little).
Bohemian Hasidic Ăn Yidiș and Modern Secular Ăn Yidiș are the two most spoken dialects today.
==== Modern Secular Ăn Yidiș ====
Close to Ăn Căyzon, but ''r'' is an alveolar or retroflex approximant (more like Hiberno-English r than American r) and there's Swedish-style retroflexion: נאַך אפֿשר לעט ''nach efșăr led'' [naχ efʃə ɭet] 'can't you?'
Vowel mergers before ''r''?
==== Bohemian Hasidic Ăn Yidiș ====
* NZ-ish chain vowel shift:
*# /ɪ/~/i/ > /ə/ > /a/ > /e/ > /ei/ > /ai/
*# ie, üe, ua > /i y u/; ea, oa > /iə uə/
*#* often transcribed "ii üü uu ie ua"
Mutations and gender have been lost; mutation of nouns is lexical and is based on the form following the definite article in Ăn Căyzon. Hebrew words usually use non-mutated forms.
* ''dășģă'' 'water' < ''ănd ișģă''
* ''cheylăg'' 'woman' < ''ă' chalăg''
* ''tăh(y)ănă'' 'tkhine, a form of non-liturgical prayer' < ''ăn tăhină''
====  Ăn Nidiș-Yidiș (Baltic Ăn Yidiș) ====
"N Niðiș Yiðiș"
A (historically non-Hasidic) Haredi dialect spoken in the Baltic; influenced by Nithish in vocab and phonology. Kinda Our-Yiddish gibby
*/ə/-/o/ merger
* Căyzon /əm ən əl ər/ correspond to syllabic /m l n r/; the singular definite article is always pronounced /n/
*/e o eə oə/ are [E O e o]
*''d z'' may be [ð z] after a vowel.
*''ł'' and ''l'' merge into dark L
*No /xt/ > /ft/
==== "Ăn Yüdiș" ====
Conservative Western Yiddish dialect?
אָן 'there' /O:n/ or /oun/ ("אָל'ן") != ל'אָן 'full' /ɫon/; ''ołn'' is a de facto standard pronunciation for this word
ç ģ remain palatal stops in some of these dialects
=== Ballmer (Baltimore) Ăn Yidiș ===
:[[Ăn Yidiș/Ballmer]]
=== Cualand An Yidis ===
Windermere influenced, e o ea oa are pronounced as in Windermere, r is uvular
==Orthography==
Ăn Yidiș is written in an adapted Hebrew alphabet.
===Consonants===
Assume no initial lenition. The consonants are spelled as follows in non-Hebrew, non-Aramaic words:
zero b v gh z ģ th d y c ch l ł m n ņ s p f ț c&#x326; r ŗ ș t /0 p v k ɣ ts tʃ h t j kʰ χ l w m n s pʰ f tsʰ tʃʰ k r ʒ ʃ tʰ/ =
א בּ ב ג ז ז&#1523; ח ט י(י) כ/ך כ/ך ל ל&#1523; מ נ/ן נ&#1523;/ן&#1523; ס פּ ף צ/ץ צ&#1523;/ץ&#1523; ק ר ר&#1523; ש תּ
ג and ד in Hebrew and Aramaic loans (when not lenited) are unaspirated /k/ and /t/. ח in Hebrew loans represents /χ/.
Rafe is used for initial lenition: בֿ גֿ זֿ&#1523; דֿ זֿ טֿ כֿ מֿ סֿ פֿ ףֿ צֿ צֿ&#1523; קֿ תֿ for bh gh ģh dh zh dh ch mh sh ph fh țh c&#x326;h gh th /v ɣ j ɣ j h x v h f 0 h ʃ x h/
/j/ between two vowels is written יי.
''ŗ'' is pronounced /ʃ/ after voiceless fricatives and aspirated stops: כּר'עי e.g. ''cŗey'' /kʰʃej/ 'earth, soil'.
===Vowels===
On the null initial, vowels are spelled as follows (in non-Hebrew, non-Aramaic words):
אַ אְ ע עא איִ אי איא אָ אָא אוֹ אוֹא אוּ ''a ă e ea i i ie o oa u ua ü'' /a ə e eə i ɪ iə ɔ oə u uə y/
(For non-null initials the appropriate consonants are used replacing the null-initial aleph if necessary.)
Hebrew words are spelled similarly to (Modern) Hebrew, with the following additional rules:
*"Gomăț godon" /o/ does not use vav as a mater lectionis.
*A dagesh on bet, gimel, kaf, pe, or tav is always written when present. Note that ת = /s/ in Hebrew and Aramaic loans.
===Other notes===
By folk etymology, many native words which are coincidentally similar to Hebrew words are spelled as if they were derived from Hebrew:
*כּלה'ק ''calăg'' (f) 'woman' "←" כּלה ''cală'' (f) 'bride, daughter-in-law', in ĂnY also 'young lady, lass' + ''-ăg'' diminutive suffix (''celăg, celă'' in some dialects with umlaut, reflecting MIr ''caile''),
*אַף-אַך ''af-ach'' 'however' "←" אַף ''af'' 'even' + אַך ''ach'' 'but'
=== Punctuation ===
Like Japanese, Ăn Yidiș does not usually use question marks; they're unnecessary because of question particles (they're still used in transliteration in this article). The same convention is used when Ăn Yidiș speakers write in Hebrew.
==Grammar==
===Verbs===
Only the verbal noun, the passive participle, and the imperative survive in most contexts. The imperative is on the way out in modern Ăn Yidiș.
:{{heb|תּאָ מ' א ל'אַסוֹ נרות חנוּכּה.}}
:'''''To m' ă łasu nearăs Chanică.'''
:/tom ə 'wasəɣ 'neirəs 'χanıkə/
:be.PRES 1SG PRES to_light.VN candle-PL Hanukkah
:''I'm lighting Hanukkah candles.'' (or ''I light Hanukkah candles'')
The passive participle has a suffix ''-ță'' or ''-tă/-dă'':
: {{heb|תּאָ נא נרות ל'אַסטא אן עת שוֹ.}}
: '''''To năh nearăs łasdă ăneșu.'''''
:'' The candles are now lighted.''
=== The auxiliary ''bi'' ===
The auxiliary ''bi'' is used with predicates that are verbs, existentials, adjectives and adjuncts. ''bi'' is the imperative and the infinitive form of the auxiliary. For verbs, this comes with the tense system (pres, past/conditional, fut, jussive‚ imperative) x (imperfective, perfective). The auxiliary controls the tense and the preposition controls the aspect:
* to ș' ă(g) = present (to becomes t' before a vowel)
* to șe ney = past perfective
* vă ș' ă(g) = past imperfective
* vă șe ney = pluperfect
* bey ș' ă(g) = future imperfective
* bey șe ney = future perfective
* rev ș' ă(g)  = jussive impfv. ('may he.../let him...')
* rev șe ney = jussive pfv.
* (bi) ă(g) = imperative impfv.
* (bi) ney = imperative pfv.
*''to șe ag yth'' = he eats; he is eating
**''vil șe...'' = does he...?
**''chanil șe...'' = he does not...
**''nachil șe...'' = doesn't he...?/that he does not
**''gu vil șe...'' = COMP
**''ă to șe...'' = REL
**''mo to șe...'' = if (אַז ''az'' 'then' can be used for the apodosis)
**''mură h-il șe...'' = if not
**''afílu mo to/mură h-il'' = even if
*''to șe nej yth'' = he ate/has eaten
*''bey șe ag yth'' = he will eat
**''ă bey șe...'' = will he...?
**''cha bhey șe...'' = he will not...
**''nach bhey șe...'' = won't he...?
**''ă vi șe...'' = REL he will...
*''vă șe ag yth'' = he was eating/he would eat
**''ărev șe...'' = was he...?/would he?
**''cha rev șe...'' = he was not.../he would not...
**''nach rev șe...'' = was he not...?/would he not...?
*''ith!'' = Eat! (2sg)
*''ithü!'' = Eat! (2pl) (from a dialectal reflex of *ithebh)
*''no h-ith(ü)!'' = Don't eat!
===Copula===
Due to Hebrew influence, Ăn Yidiș is closer to being zero-copula than Irish is; the copula *iš was fused, dropped or reanalyzed as part of the pronoun in some cases. Unlike in Irish, the copula is just syntactic; it's used for nominal sentences whereas adjunct, adjective and verb predicates use the auxiliary בּיִ ''bi''.
====Inflection====
The following forms are used when the predicate is definite. The interrogative forms below also serve as tag questions for copular sentences:
{{Gloss/indexable|phrase = {{rtl|כאַן ע אך ףיאך אחד א תּ' אָן, אַן ע.}}|translit = Chan e ăch fiech ehăd ă t' ołn, an e? |IPA = /χan e əχ fiəχ 'ehəd ə thown, 'an e/ | morphemes = | gloss = NEG.COP anything_but raven one 3SG.M, Q 3SG.M| translation = It's just one raven, isn't it?|index=3}}
(Both clauses have falling intonation, as in Scottish Gaelic!)
* present affirmative: mișă tüsă șe și șni șivșă șid
** also used for "yes" (for a copula sentence)
* present interrogative: ăn mișă, ăn tüsă, ăn e, ăn i, ăn șni, ăn ivșă, ăn id
* present negative: chamșă, chatsă, chan e, chan i, cha șni, chavșă, chan id
** also used for "no" (for a copula sentence)
* present neg. interrogative: nach + mișă tüsă e i șni ivșă id
* relative present ''ăș'': ''Deș tel led?'' = What do you like?
* past affirmative: bhașă, bhă thüsă, bhe, bhi, bha șni, bhivșă, bhid
** also used for "yes" (for a copula sentence)
* past interrogative: ăr + mhișă, thüsă, ve, vi, șni, ivșă, vid
* past negative: char + mhișă, thüsă, ve, vi, șni, ivșă, vid
** also used for "no" (for a copula sentence)
* past neg. interrogative: nachăr + mhișă, thüsă, ve, vi, șni, ivșă, vid
* future uses the ''bey me i mă-'' construction
When the predicate is indefinite, the construction "șe PRED ă t'in (def noun phrase)" is used, where ''șe/și/șid'' inflects according to the above rules:
:כֿאַניל שיִ נעי איח כּעראכּאן-שיִנט, כּי בֿיִ וועגאַן א תּ' אינציִ
: '''''Chanil și ney ith cerăcăn-Șind, ci bhi vegan ă t' inți.'''''
: ''She did not eat turkeys, because she was a vegan.''
===Nouns===
Like Irish and Hebrew, An Yidiș has masculine and feminine genders. Hebrew words (usually) have the same gender as in Hebrew. Case only survives vestigially:
* The genitive only survives in certain expressions and compounds.
* The vocative survives only for ''Zie'' 'God': ''ă Zhey!'' /əˈjej/ To call family members, forms such as ''mă-mhoŗ!'' 'my mother!' are used.
Possession is indicated by the construction ''ăn X ăģ Y'' (lit. the X at Y), for example אן כּאַתּ אַז׳ מא־מֿאַכּ ''ăn cat ăģ mă-mhac'' = my son's cat.
Concatenation exists but is more derivational, analogous to compounding in English. In native head-initial concatenations, the second element of a compound is treated as an adjective for mutation purposes: ''găvăr-'''bh'''ăŗăn'' (goat female) 'she-goat' (treating ''găvăr'' as feminine).
Native plurals are more regular, marked with mostly ''-ăn'', or less commonly
* umlaut, final palatalization: fer > fiŗ
* -ăch > -ith
Hebrew words often form plurals in unstressed ''-im'' /im/ or ''-ăs'' /əs/ but native Celtic words may use them too and not all Hebrew words use the Hebrew plural.
Masculine nouns:
* Nouns beginning with a vowel take אנט ''ănd'': אנט אישז׳א ''ănd ișģă'' = the water
* before a labial except /f v/ אם ''ăm'': אם בּיא ''ăm bia'' = the food
* before a historical liquid (''r ŗ l ł'') or a non-sibilant fricative (fricative except ''ș s''): א ''ă'': א ל'אַח ''ă łath'' = the day, א ר'אָל'תּא ''ă ŗołtă'' = the star
* otherwise אן ''ăn'': אן צעך ''ăn țech'' = the house, אן נס ''ăn nes'' = the miracle
Feminine nouns:
* Nouns beginning with a lenitable consonant (except ''s'', ''ș'', ''d'', ''z'', ''t'' and ''ț'') lenite, and the following rule is applied to the lenited form:
** א ''ă'' before historical liquids, and non-sibilant fricatives (/j/ doesn't count as a fricative):  א מֿען ''ă mhen'' = the woman/wife, א ף&#1471;ר'עקארץ ''ă fhŗegărț'' = the answer
** אן ''ăn'' otherwise: אן ז&#1471;'על'אך ''ăn ģhełăch'' = the moon, אן אות ''ăn oas'' = the letter (character)
* Words beginning in ''s ș t ț'' don't lenite: אן סוכּה ''ăn sücă'' = the booth
Note: Historical feminine nouns beginning with s-/ș- (except s(stop)-/ș(stop)-) have all become t-/ț- words (except pluralia tantum and s-/d- words) following case loss in Proto-Ăn Yidiș: ''ăn Taviņ'' 'Halloween' (from ''an tSamhain''). Newer words such as Hebrew loans are not subject to this.
Plural nouns take נא ''nă'' /nə(h)/
*נא ציש ''nă țiș'' = the houses
*נא ל'אַהאן ''nă łathăn'' = the days
*נא מנאָ ''nă mno'' = the wives
*נא ח-אותיות ''nă h-usyăs'' = the letters
*נא סוכּות ''nă sücăs'' = the booths
*נא ניסים ''nă nisim'' = the miracles
Middle Irish -amh/-amhan nouns either
* if feminine, the -amh is deleted and the plural is -ță (''tał, telță'' 'earth')
* if masculine, they change to ''-un, -unăn'' nouns (''bŗethun, bŗethunăn'' 'judge')
** Western dialects ''bŗethun, bŗethună''
** Ballmer Ăn Yidiș: ''bŗeythín, bŗeythínim'' (the Balămuriș cognate of Irish ''-ín'' has a different plural: ''-in, -inăn'')
** Nidiș-Yidiș: ''bŗithăv/-u, bŗithun''
===Adjectives===
As in Irish, predicate adjectives do not inflect.
Adjectives always have ''-ă'' in the plural, except
* the plural of ''-ăch'' is ''-ith'': the plural of ייִדאך ''Yidăch'' 'Jew(ish)' is ייִדיח ''Yidith''.
* the plural of ''-i'' is ''-im'', even in native words: עקניִ, עקנים ''egni, egnim'' 'wise'.
* the plural of ''ołin'' 'lovely' is ''ołă''.
Forms:
*pred: תּאָ מע בּעק ''To me beg.'' = I am short.
*m.sg.: ףער בּעק ''fer beg'' = a short man; אן ףער בּעק ''ăn fer beg'' = the short man
*f.sg.: דר'עבאר בֿעק ''dŗevăr bheg'' = a short sister; אן דר'עבאר בֿעק ''ăn dŗevăr bheg'' = the short sister
*pl.: ףיר' ח-אָרדא ''fiŗ h-ordă'' = tall men; נא ףיר' ח-אָרדא ''nă fiŗ h-ordă'' = the tall men
Comparatives are formed by adding ניס ''nis'' 'more' and אס ''ăs'' 'most' before the comparative form of the adjective.
מוֹר - ניס-מוֹא - אס-מוֹא ''mur - nis-mua - ăs-mua'' = big - bigger - biggest (no tense change unlike in Irish)
''Gu'' for predicate adjectives is used after longer noun phrases:
: {{Hebpara|תּאָ אן סטוֹא אַק א כרינא מ&#1471;אָראַל'תּא קוֹה ףאַטא, איס ףאָס א לוּפּאכט אתּאָר' א צ&#1471;'ערתּוּת.}}
: '''''To ăn sdua ag ă chrină mhoráłtă gu fadă, is fos ă lüpăchd ătoŗ ă c&#x326;hertüs.'''''
:''The arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends (lit. and yet bending) toward justice.''
===Pronouns===
Ăn Yidiș independent pronouns have three forms (i.e. not counting possessive prefixes and pronominal suffixes on prepositions):
* conjunctive pronouns (the form that follows inflected forms of the auxiliary ''bi''): me t(h)ü șe și șni șiv șid (3sg epicene is most commonly șid); t(h)ăr 'impersonal pronoun' (rebracketing)
** ''Vă '''m' ''' ă cadăl.'' 'I was sleeping.'
* disjunctive pronouns (most commonly direct objects in independent clauses): me thü e i ni iv id
** ''To șni ăg ith băméșăch ăn Hanică '''id'''.'' 'We eat them during Hanukkah.'
* copular pronouns (the forms used as copulas, including in cleft constructions); see the section on the copula
** '''''Șe''' ăm pŗivrav ăģ ăm bală gini e.'' 'He's the chief rabbi of our town.'
All of these forms have emphatic counterparts: mișă, t(h)üsă, (ș)eșăn, (ș)ișă, șni, (ș)ivșă, (ș)idsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms. These are used to address someone: ''Tüsă!''/''ivșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns: אן אף תּוּסא, בּרוֹתּוֹס ''Ăn af tüsă, Brutus?'' 'Et tu, Brute?' To emphasize ''șni'' 'we' you have to use ''feyn'' after it (șni itself comes from the emphatic form ''*siňə'').
Emphatic suffixes for prepositions with pronominal suffixes: -să -să -șăn -șă feyn -șă -săn: e.g. for ''ăģ'' 'of, at' we have ''gumsă, gădsă, ģeșăn, c&#x326;ișă, gini feyn, givșă, cusăn''
Another common way to emphasize a pronoun is to use ''feyn'' after it (e.g. מיִשא ףעין ''mișă feyn'' 'I myself', אן קיום ףעין ז׳ע ''ăn giyăm feyn ģe'' 'his very existence').
==== Possessive pronouns ====
For possession, the ''ă levăr gum'' ('my book', lit. 'the book at me') construction is standard for most nouns except family members and body parts where possessive prefixes are used (cf. Revived Hebrew also usually uses הספר שלי ''ha-sefer šeli'' instead of ספרי ''sifri''). Nouns that take possessive prefixes cannot take a definite article and must take a possessive prefix when definite. In addition, ־אַר׳ -aŗ 'father' and ־מאָר׳ -moŗ 'mother' cannot occur as indefinite nouns and obligatorily take possessive prefix forms.
Double-marking possessives, e.g. בֿ' אהרן א-דֿר׳אָר אז׳ משה ''V' Ăharăn '''ă-dhŗor ăģ Mușă'''.'' 'Aaron was Moses' brother' (lit. his brother of Moses) are used for nouns where possessive suffixes are still used. Possessive prefixes are considered ''Learăgüsiș'' for other nouns.
* ''mă-dhŗor '' /məɣˈʒor/ 'my brother'; ''m-aŗ'' /maʒ/ 'my father'
* ''dă-dhŗor '' /təɣˈʒor/ 'thy brother'; ''d-aŗ'' /taʒ/ 'thy father'
* ''ă-dhŗor'' /əɣˈʒor/ 'his brother'; ''aŗ'' /aʒ/ 'his father'
* ''ă-dŗor'' /ətˈʒor/ 'her brother'; ''ă-h-aŗ'' /əˈhaʒ/ 'her father'
* ''or-dŗor'' /ortˈʒor/ 'our brother'; ''orn-aŗ'' /oɾˈnaʒ/ 'our father'
* ''văr-dŗor'' /vərtˈʒor/ 'your brother'; ''vărn-aŗ'' /vəɾˈnaʒ/ 'your father'
* ''ă-dŗor'' /ətˈʒor/ 'their brother'; ''ăn-aŗ'' /əˈnaʒ/ 'their father'
''m-'' and ''d-'' are used before a vowel, or when a lenited ''f'' results in an initial vowel.
=== List of inalienable nouns ===
Family:
* אַר׳ ''aŗ'' = father (obligatorily possessed)
* מאָר׳ ''moŗ'' = mother (obligatorily possessed)
* טר׳אָר ''dŗor'' = brother
* טר׳עבר ''dŗevăr'' = sister
* ''mac'' = son
* ''inin'' = daughter
* ''cłan'' = (one's) children
Body parts:
* סוּל ''sül'' = eye
* סראָאן ''sroan'' = nose
* בּעל' ''beł'' = mouth
* כּל'וֹאס ''cłuas'' = ear
* ל'אָב ''łov'' = hand
* כּאס ''căs'' = leg
* תּראָי ''troy'' = foot
* צ'אָן ''c&#x326;on'' = head
===Prepositions===
*ăģ 'at, of': gum, găd, ģe, c&#x326;i, giņi, giv, cu
** ăģ becomes ăg before a coronal.
*dă°, d' 'to, for': dum, did, do, di, diņi, div, du (d- is deleted after a coronal obstruent)
*ză°, z' 'off, away from': zum, zid, ze, zi, ziņi, ziv, zu
*u h- 'from': uam, uad, ua, uathi, uaņi, uav, uathu
*i(n) 'in': inum, inăd, ołn (spelled אָן), inți, iniņi, iniv, intu [''in'' is used before a vowel]
*ăr° 'on': ărum, ărăd, eŗ, eŗthi, ăriņi, ăriv, orthu
*ăs 'from': asum, asăd, as, ași, asiņi, asiv, asu
*ru° 'before, in front of': ruam, ruad, rev, rempi, ruņi, ruv, rompu
*ŗi(n) 'with': ŗum, ŗed, ŗeș, ŗey, ŗiņi, ŗiv, ŗu
*lă h- 'with, by, for': lum, led, leș, ley, liņi, liv, lu
*țimpum 'around' suppletes: umum, umăd, em, empi, umiņi, umiv, umpu
*fă° 'under, among': fum, fud, fi, fithi, fuņi, fuv, fithu
*In some dialects, izăr 'between': edrum, edrăd, iziŗ, izărthi, edriņi, edriv, izărthu. In the standard language, izăr is most often a pseudo-preposition (i.e. a preposition that can't take pronominal suffixes); the plural forms ''edriņi, edriv, izărthu'' are literary.
** the syntax for "between X and Y" in these dialects may be ''izăr X is izăr Y'' or ''izăr X lă Y'', influenced by Hebrew '' beyn X uveyn Y''/''beyn X le Y''
====Combinations====
''i(n)'' 'in' ''ŗi(n)'' 'with' and ''lă'' before a definite article becomes ''inș, ŗinș, leș'' (from rebracketing of Proto-Celtic *in sind-, like in Scottish Gaelic):
*אינש אן צעך ''inș ăn țech'' 'in the house'
*''To șid ă fiŗăch inș ă bhelă șo ŗinș nă dină elă'' 'They live in this town with the other people'
''u'' 'from' + ''ăn-/ăm-/ă-'' -> ''un-/um-/u ă-''
''izăr'' 'between' + ''ăn'' -> ''izărn''
====Syntax====
Prepositions stick to every noun in a noun phrase: תּאָם ניי ףאָל נאַהּ ףר'עקארצאן אָה מא־מֿאָר' איס אָה מא־בּראָהאר' ''Tom ney fol năh fŗegărțăn oh mă-mhoŗ is oh mă-bhrohăŗ'' 'I got the answers from my mother and brother'
=== Pseudo-prepositions ===
Pseudo-prepositions don't take pronominal suffixes, unlike true prepositions; they take either the disjunctive pronoun or a form of ''ăģ'' instead. They also never mutate the following word.
* izăr 'between'
* son 'for the sake of'; "for me' is ''son gum''.
* ătoŗ (''flowery or dialectal'') 'towards' (< ag tóir 'pursuing'); 'towards me' is ''ătoŗ me''.
Some dialects such as the Nithish-influenced dialect do inflect pseudoprepositions as if they were true prepositions: ''ătoŗm, ătoŗăd, ...''
===Adverbs===
====Directionals====
===Numerals===
Numerals are always followed by the singular form.
0 = אפס ''efăs'', אַה אפס ''ah efăs'' (number zero)
counting numbers: אַה אוין, אַה דו, אַה טר'י, אַה צ'עהער, אַה קוג', אַה שיא, אַה שעפֿט, אַה אָפֿט, אַה נאי, אַה זעש  ah eyn, ah du, ah tŗi, ah c&#x326;ehăr, ah cuģ, ah șie (some dialects ''șey'' or ''șeyș''), ah șeft, ah ăft, ah năy, ah zeș
11, 12, ... = eyn zeg, du zeg, tŗi zeg...
20, 30, 40, ... = fișăd, tŗișăd, deyșăd, cuģăd, șeyșăd, șeftăd, ăftăd, năyăd
21, 22, ... = fișăd să h-eyn, fișăd să du, ...
100, 200, ... = mea, du mhea, tŗi mhea, ...
1000 = milă
attributives: 2-6 lenites
Counting humans: iș, dies, tŗür, c&#x326;ehrăr, cuģăr, șieșăr, șeftăr, ăftăr, năynăr, zeșăr
ordinals: ''tăsi, elă, tŗiăv, c&#x326;ehrăv, cuģăv,...'' or just ''ăh N''
There is no true attributive form for "one"; usually the singular form is used in isolation. The Hebrew numeral אחד ''ehăd'' (regardless of gender) may be used after the noun means "just one X" when X is indefinite and "the (one and) only X" when X is definite.
: {{rtl|מאר ייִדי, תּאָ שניִ אק עבודה ז-א אחד.}}
: '''''Măr Yidi, to șni ăg ăvudă Z-e ehăd.'''''
: ''As Jews, we worship only one G-d.''
: {{rtl|שי א מֿענין אחד אי, א בּיי קראָ קוֹם די ר'וֹב.}}
: '''''Și ă mhenin ehăd i, ă bey gro gum di ŗuv.'''''
: ''She's the only woman who I'll ever love.''
==Syntax==
An Yidiș syntax is similar to Irish or Scottish Gaelic syntax but somewhat simplified:
:'''''To Yidi ină-firăch i sach țiŗăn.'''''
:''Jews live in many countries.''
In transitive sentences, the direct object (if it's a noun) immediately follows the verbal noun:
:'''''To ar năh Yidi ag fołim ăn Tură coch łath.'''''
:''Jews have to study the Torah every day.''
===Noun phrase===
===Translating "be"===
*"PRON is a NOUN": איש כּלה'ק מע ''iș calăg ă t' inum'' = I'm a woman
*"X is a NOUN": איש כּלה'ק אי רבקה ''iș calăg ă t' i Rivgă'' = Rivgă (Rebekah) is a woman
*"1p/2p is the NOUN": מישא אַ מֿענין אז׳ משה ''Mișă ă mhenin ăģ Mușă'' = I am Mușă's (Moses') wife
*"3p is the NOUN": שי אַ מֿענין אגּ משה אי ''Și ă mhenin ăģ Mușă i'' = She is Mușă's wife
**שי אַ מֿענין אז׳ משה אי רבקה ''Și _ă mhenin ăģ Mușă_ i _Rivgă_'' (or ''Și _Rivgă_ i _ă mhenin ăģ Mușă_'') = Rivgă is Mușă's wife
*Predicate adjectives or adjuncts use the verb בּי ''bi'':
**תּאָ רבקה אָרט ''To Rivgă ord'' 'Rivgă is tall'
**תּאָ רבקה אינס אן חדר קאַדאל ''To Rivgă ins ăn chedăr cadăl'' 'Rivgă is in the bedroom'
===Infinitive phrases===
Infinitive phrases usually correspond to German ''zu''-infinitives, and are also used with some modals.
They're of the form ''ă'' + VN + direct object + oblique objects, where ''ă'' lenites the VN unlike the imperfective marker ''ă(g)''.
Pronominal direct objects use the disjunctive pronouns instead of possessed VNs.
Examples:
*''ă thorț mătonă'' (NB: does not follow Irish!) = to give a gift (''ein Geschenk zu geben'')
*''ă thorț dum e/i/id'' = to give him/her/them to me
===Relative clauses===
*When the head is the subject: ă to (present), ăv (imperfect)
*When the head is NOT the subject: ă vil (present), ă răv (imperfect)
==Vocabulary==
* Proto-Ăn Yidiș:
** Words inherited from MIr
** Hebrew and Aramaic
* Galoyseg
* Thurish
* Azalic
* Hivantish
* "Loazit" (international Latin/Greek/English vocab)
* Borrowings or cognatizations from Irish
Formal or literary writing uses more Celtic and Semitic words; words from other Indo-European languages spoken in Apple PIE Eastern Europe are more colloquial or relate to everyday objects.
Ăn Yidiș is more chill about borrowing "loazit" vocabulary than Irish
===Derivation===
*־ית ''-is'', pl. ־יות ''-iyăs'' or ־יתאן ''-isăn'' 'feminine occupational suffix'; today considered optional or dated for most occupations
** not added to nouns in ''-ăch''; you'd use constructions like ''calăg Yidăch''
*''-ăch'', ''-ith'': forms adjectives or "Gentilic nouns"
*''-i'', ''-im'': agentives, adjectives
*''-in'': diminutive
*''-ăg'': augmentative
*''-on'', ''-onăs'': instrumental; diminutive; agentive (Hebrew influence)
*''-ol'': verbal noun
*''-ül'': adjective
*''-ăfd/-fd'': abstract noun
*''-łon'': place
*-וּת ''-üs'', plural -וּתאן ''-üsăn'': nominalizer in Hebrew and Aramaic words (also replaced native ''*-us'')
** צניעוּת ''țni'üs'' 'modesty' < צנוּע ''țonüe'' 'modest'
** תּיישאכוּת ''teyșăchüs'' '(tribal) chiefdom'
* ''-lăn'' is a diminutive for animates (analyzed from culen 'puppy', cun 'dog')
* Pairs of ''s-''/''d-'' antonyms (PCel *esu-/*dus-), for example ''sărăchă'' 'bright' and ''dărăchă'' 'dark'. Some non-Irish examples are:
*# סמאָאס ''smoas'' (pl) 'tears of joy', דמעות ''dmoas'' 'tears (from Hebrew)'
*# שמחה ''simchă'' (f) 'party, celebration (from Hebrew 'joy')', טימכא ''dimchă'' (f) 'mourning, tragedy'
*# טאשז'על' ''Dășģeł'' (m) (obsolete, pejorative) 'Christianity', from MIr ''soiscéul'' 'Gospel'
* ''-ol'': older verbalizer
* (something from Nithish): most productive verbalizer
* Greek y is borrowed as ü
* Classical os/us adjectives are borrowed with -ăch: מיִסאָקוּנאך ''misógünăch'' (misogynos) 'misogynistic'.
* ''-ig'': agentive, borrowed from [[Nithish]]
==Phrasebook==
*''Șolăm'' = Hello, goodbye
*''Șolăm ăléychăm'' = Hello
*''Ăléychăm șolăm'' = Hello (in response to ''șolăm aléychăm'')
*''Słon'' = (informal) Bye
*''Byonăfd led/liv'' = Thank you (lit. blessing with you)
*''Șe dă-bhethă/văr-bethă'' = No problem (reply to ''Byonăfd led/liv'')
*''Folță ruad/ruv'' = Welcome
*''C&#x326;ead milă folță'' = A hundred thousand welcomes
*''De ănd enim ărăd?'' = What is your name?
*''Dovid șe ănd enim ărum'' = My name is David
*''Vil ăn Ozăliș găd/giv?'' = Do you speak English?
*''T' ăn Yidiș gum'' = I speak Ăn Yidiș
*''Chanil ăn Yidiș gum'' = I can't speak Ăn Yidiș
*''Chanil m' ă ticșinț'' = I don't understand
*''Ă brin nis melă, ŗi dă-thel/văr-tel'' = Please speak more slowly
*''Ga mă-leșģeł'' = Excuse me
*''To m' ăg ieŗi brin inș ăn Yidiș, ăch chan efșăr lum.'' = I want to speak Ăn Yidiș, but I cannot.
*''Blien mhath bhyoniță'' /bliən vah vjonitsə/ = Happy new year (Rosh Hashanah greeting)
*''[holiday] gorzăch'' = 'Happy [holiday]' (used for most holidays, Jewish or secular): e.g. ''Pesăh gorzăch'' 'Happy Passover'
*''To gro gum ărăd'' = I love you
** ''Vil gro găd ărum?'' = Do you love me?
===Dates and time===
====Civil months====
Civil months just use the Latin names:
* יאַנוֹר' Yánuŗ
* ףעבּוֹר' Fébuŗ
* מאַרץ Marț
* אַפּריִל Apríl
* מאַי May
** Poetic: בּיאָל'תּין'  Byołtiņ
* יוֹן Yun
** Poetic: מעחוֹן Methun
* יוֹל Yul
* אָקוֹסט Ogúsd
** Poetic: ל'וּנאסטאל'  Łünăsdăł
* סעבּתּעמבּאר'  Sebtémbăŗ
* אָקתּאָבּאר'  Ogtóbăŗ
* נאָוועמבּאר' Novémbăŗ
** Poetic: תּאַבין' Taviņ
* טעצ'עמבּאר'  Dec&#x326;émbăŗ
====Jewish months====
E.g. ''T' ă Chanică ă tăsăgh i 25 (fișăd 's ă cuģ) Cislimh.'' 'Hanukkah begins on the 25th of Kislev.'
* Nisăn: Nissan
* Ier: Iyar
* Simhăn: Sivan
* Tamiz: Tammuz
* Ov: Av
* Elil: Elul
* Tișri: Tishrei
* (Măr)cheșmhăn: (Mar)cheshvan
* Cislimh: Kislev
* Deyvis: Tevet
* Șvod: Shvat
* Adăr: Adar
====Days of the week====
Note: in {{PAGENAME}} a day is considered to begin at sunset or nightfall, as according to Jewish law.
*Sunday: זי־סוֹל ''zi-soal''
**Sunday morning: מאַזין סוֹל ''mazin soal''
**Sunday afternoon (before sunset): ףעסקאר סוֹל ''fescăr soal''
**Sunday evening (after sunset): ערב ל'ואַן ''erev łuan'' (!)
**Sunday night: עאשא ל'ואַן ''eașă łuan'' (!)
*Monday: זי־ל'ואַן ''zi-łuan''
*Tuesday: זי־מאָרץ ''zi-morț''
*Wednesday: זי־צ'עאדין ''zi-c&#x326;eadin''
*Thursday: זי־זעאראדין ''zi-zearădin''
*Friday: זי־רו־שבּת ''zi-ru-șabăs''
*Saturday: זי־שבּת ''zi-șabăs''
====Telling the time====
*''To și tŗi șo.'' = It's 3:00.
*''To și du șo zeag'' = It's 12:00.
===Colors===
*ז'אָל' ''ģoł'' = white
*טוֹב ''duv'' = black
** synonym: שחור, שחורים ''șohăr, șăhurim''
*זעראק ''zerăg'' = red
*בּוֹי ''buy'' = yellow
*אוֹאנא ''uană'' = green
*גּל'אַס ''głas'' = gray
*גּאָראם ''gărăm'' = blue
*בּאַנאש ''banăș'' = violet; purple
*דוֹן ''doan'' = brown
==Sample texts==
=== Quotes ===
:{{Heb|כֿאַניל איִס קוֹם כּי-אם קוֹ נאַכיל איס קוֹם כּל.}}
:''Chanil is gum cim gu nachil is gum col.''
:NEG.COP knowledge at-1SG except COMP NEG.COMP.COP knowledge at-1SG nothing
: I only know that I know nothing.
(The word for 'nothing' actually comes from the same source as Scottish Gaelic ''càil'', but is spelled like the Hebrew word כל (Gaelic Hebrew pronunciation ''col'') "every, all" which is used for "any" in negative sentences in Hebrew as well.)
: ''Mură h-il mișă sgoth gumșă feyn, cu ă to sgoth gumșă? Ăch mură h-il me cim sgoth gumșă feyn, de mișă? is mură ăneșu, cin?''
: If I am not for me, who is for me? But if I am only for myself, what am I? And if not now, when?
=== Genesis 1:1-5 ===
The following is from the Yăhuaș translation, the most commonly used Ăn Yidiș translation of the Tanakh. The "Irish" text here is the Ăn Yidiș cognatized back into Irish.
{| class="wikitable" style=""
! !! style="width: 250px;" | Ăn Yidiș !! style="width: 250px;" | Romanization !! style="width: 250px;" | IPA !! style="width: 250px;" | Irish cognates !! style="width: 250px;" | English (from the Ăn Yidiș)
|-
! 1:1
|| {{Hebpara|נ'עת א תּאָ זיא נעי תּאסאג כּרוֹחוֹ אן נייאַבֿ איס אן תּאַל׳ —}}
||''N'eys ă to Zie ney tăsăgh cruthu ăn nyav is ăn tał —''
|| [nejs ə tʰo tsiə nej ˈtʰəsəɣ ˈkʰrʊhʊ ən njav ɪs ən tʰaw]
||''**In [Heb loan] a tá Dia i ndiaidh tosaidh cruthú na neimhe agus na talún —''
||''When God began creating the heaven and the earth —''
|-
! 1:2
|| {{Hebpara|בֿ' אן תּאַל׳ קאַן ףֿעראמאָל איס ףאָל׳אב, איס בֿא טאכאטוּס א כּוֹטאך אן תּהוֹם, איס בֿ' אן שבּיראט אק זיא א סנאָב אשז׳יאן נא ח-אישז׳אן —}}
||''v' ăn tał gan fherămol is fołăv, is vă dăchădüs ă cudăch ăn tăhum, is v' ăn șbirăd ăg Zie ă snov ășģien nă h-ișģăn —''
|| [v‿ən tʰaw gan ˈerəmol ɪs ˈfowəv, ɪs və ˈtəχədys ə ˈkʰudəχ ən ˈtʰəhum, ɪs v‿ən ˈʃpɪrəd ətʃ tsiə ə snov əʃˈtʃiən nə ˈhɪʃtʃən]
||''**bhí an talamh gan fhoirmeáil agus folamh, agus bhí dorchadas ag [Scottish Gaelic còmhdach] an [Heb loan], agus bhí an spiorad ag Dia ag snámh os cionn na huiscí —''
||''the earth was unformed (lit. without forming) and empty, and darkness was covering the deep, and the spirit of God was floating above the waters —''
|-
! 1:3
|| {{Hebpara|תּאָ זיא נעי ראָ: ”רעב סאָל׳אס נעי בּי אָן!“ איס תּאָ סאָל׳אס נעי בּי אָן.}}
|| ''to Zie ney ro: "Rev sołăs ney bi ołn!" Is to sołăs ney bi ołn.''
|| [tʰo tsiə nej ro, rev ˈsowəs nej bi own, ɪs to ˈsowəs nej bi own]
|| ''**tá Dia i ndiaidh rá: "Go raibh solas i ndiaidh bí ann!" Agus tá solas i ndiaidh bí ann.''
|| ''God said: "Let there come to be light!" And there came to be light.''
|-
! 1:4
|| {{Hebpara|תּאָ זיא נעי ףעץ׳ אן סאָל׳אס, קאר מֿאַח ע; איס תּאָ זיא נעי זעל׳וֹ איזארן סאָל׳אס איס אן טאכאטוּס.}}
|| ''To Zie ney fec̦ ăn sołăs, găr mhath e; is to Zie ney zełu izărn sołăs is ăn dăchădüs.''
|| [tʰo tsiə nej feʰtʃʰ ən ˈsowəs kər vah e; ɪs tʰo tsiə nej ˈtsewʊ ˈɪdzərn ˈsowəs ɪs ən ˈtəχədys]
|| ''**Tá Dia i ndiaidh feic an tsolais, gur mhaith é; agus tá Dia i ndiaidh dealú idir an tsolais agus an dorchadais.''
|| ''God saw the light, that it is good; and God separated the light and the darkness.''
|-
! 1:5
|| {{Hebpara|תּאָ זיא נעי תּאַקאר׳ טען סאָל׳אס ל׳אַח, איס אן טאכאטוּס תּאָ שע נעי תּאַקאר׳ טאָ איישא. איס בֿ' ערב אָן איס בֿא מֿאַטין אָן, ל׳אַח אחד.}}
|| ''To Zie ney tagăŗ den sołăs łath, is ăn dăchădüs to șe ney tagăŗ do eyșă. is v' erăv ołn is vă mhadin ołn, łath ehăd.''
|| [tʰo tsiə nej ˈtʰakəʒ den ˈsowəs wah, ɪs ən ˈtəχətys tʰo ʃe nej ˈtʰakəʒ do ˈejʃə. ɪs v‿ˈerəv own ɪs və ˈvadɪn own, wah ˈehəd]
||''**Tá Dia i ndiaidh tagairt don tsolas lá, agus an dorchadas tá sé i ndiaidh tagairt dó oíche. Agus bhí [Heb loan] ann agus bhí mhaidin ann, lá [Heb loan].''
||''God called the light day, and the darkness, He called it night. And there was evening and there was morning, one day.</center>
|}
=== Song of the Sea ===
<poem>
Canfa dă Hășéym,
Măr dă-bhuay șe gu głurăvăr!
Dă-chath șe szech dăm miŗ id,
Ănd ech ăgăs ă-mharăcăch.
Șe mă-nert is mă-chufd e Yoh!
Dă-bhi șe ină yășüe dum!
Șu mă-Zhie, is mołfa ă bhŗeghăfd ģe;
Șu Zie mă-șiņșărăn, is ordifa e.
</poem>
===Ma Nishtana (from the Haggadah)===
:''What has changed on this night from all other nights?''
:''That we don't dip vegetables even once on all other nights, but we do so twice tonight.''
:''That we eat both chomăț (leavened bread) and mață on all other nights; but we eat only mață tonight.''
:''That we eat all kinds of vegetables on all other nights; but tonight, it's bitter herbs that we eat.''
:''That we eat while some of us sit and some of us recline on all other nights, but all of us recline tonight.''
===From "Dirge Without Music"===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
Fully vocalized Ăn Yidiș
{{Hebpara|קִינָה קאַן צֿ׳אָל׳ (לאְ ח-עֶדְנָה סעֶיינתּ וויִנסאְנתּ מיִלעֶיי)}}
{{Hebpara|כֿאַניְל מעֶ נִכְֿנָע לעֶש אְן נעִילָה אְז׳ כּראְיין אְז׳ קֿראָ סזעֶך איְנש אְן תּאַל׳ אְק נאְ קְבָֿרוֹת.}}
{{Hebpara|תּאָ שעֶ מאְר שוֹ איְס בּעֶיי שעֶ מאְר שוֹ, מאְר בֿאְ שעֶ מאְר שוֹ, אוֹ זְמָנִים רוֹ כֿיְבֿנאְ;}}
{{Hebpara|תּאָ שיִאט איְן אְ ףאַל׳אב איְסצעֶך טאְן שאול, נאְ סאְיאְן ח־עֶקניִם איְס ח־אל׳אְ. ר׳יְ כְּתָֿרִוֹת}}
{{Hebpara|אְק ליִליִאְן איְס אְק ל׳אַבֿריְשאְן אְ תּא שיִאט אְ ףאַל׳אְב; אַך כֿאַניְל מעֶ נִכְֿנָע.}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
<poem>
Transliteration
'''''Gină gan c&#x326;hoł''''' (''lă hEdnă Seynt Vinsănt Miley'')
''Chanil me nichnă leș ăn nilă ăģ [crăyn ăģ ghro] szech inș ăn tał ăg nă gvorăs.''
''To șe măr șu is bey șe măr șu, măr vă șe măr șu, u zmanim ru chivnă;''
''To șid ă fałăv isțech dăn șul, nă săyăn h-egnim is h-ołă. Ŗi csorăs*''
''Ăg liliăn is ăg łavrișăn ă to șid ă fałăv; ăch chanil me nichnă.''
</poem>
{{ast}} Poetic license; the usual plural of ''cesăr'' 'crown' is ''csorim''.
{{col-break}}
<poem>
Retranslation
'''A Dirge Without Music''' (by Edna St. Vincent Millay)
I am not surrendered to the locking away of hearts of love in the ground of the graves.
It is like this, and it will be like this, for it was like this, from times before memory:
Into Sheol they leave, the wise and beautiful minds. With crowns
Of lilies and of laurel they leave; but I am not surrendered.
</poem>
{{col-break}}
<poem>
Original
'''Dirge Without Music''' (by Edna St. Vincent Millay)
I am not resigned to the shutting away of loving hearts in the hard ground.
So it is, and so it will be, for so it has been, time out of mind:
Into the darkness they go, the wise and the lovely. Crowned
With lilies and with laurel they go; but I am not resigned.
</poem>
{{col-end}}
=== The Round Table ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
Original (Classical Wdm.)
''Ngiiθ dur se taχ χaaθ mogor. Tăbiits φin Pĭda Brăwid: "Măra łĭnam?"''
''Mi-ăngnuung căχθaaθ năθa emrĭtsal sen doon: "Șrüχ te-stiiw: taχ mognas, θaφ te-müts θraaφ, liw stăliiw, θaφ te-müts mălsaaχ, taχ mălüüts, doon tălaχ."''
''Tăbits φin Pĭda Brăwid: "Ǎna mee ra, srü hĭdeen croθ năθa?"''
''Eφθooc φin χaaθ, "Op cănga, φin Pĭda: tsor pădiχ φnărtaang, te ămsaχ păχwădiχ năθa ya φin croθ φi!"''
''Esngim φin Pĭda Brăwid șa φin χaaθ șa-ngiil, "Ăruy șa-χaaθ ses tsărüng te sen θăpal φănaw φănaw."''
{{col-break}}
English
Once, six children were in a round table. Master Brăwied asked them a question: "How many people are you?"
While five children were still counting, one child called out: "Sixty-three! Specifically, 6 individuals, 15 teams of two, 20 teams of 3, 15 teams of 4, 6 teams of 5, and one team of 6."
Then Master Brăwied asked: "Well then, how many people will be there if another person joins the group?"
The child replied: "Isn't that obvious, Master? We'll have all of the old teams, as well as another set of teams with the new person!"
The Master praised the child, saying, "This child has wisdom and understanding indeed."
{{col-end}}
== Poetry ==
Anapests are the most common feet, rhymes work like in Gàidhlig
=== A folk song ===
[[Category:Celtic languages]]
[[Category:Goidelic languages]]

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