Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions

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===Pronouns===

Ăn Yidiș independent pronouns have three forms (i.e. not counting possessive prefixes and pronominal suffixes on prepositions):

* conjunctive pronouns (the form that follows inflected forms of the auxiliary ''bi''): me t(h)ü șe și ~~șni~~ șiv șied (3sg epicene is most commonly șied); t(h)ăr 'impersonal pronoun' (rebracketing)

* conjunctive pronouns (the form that follows inflected forms of the auxiliary ''bi''): me t(h)ü șe și șņi șiv șied (3sg epicene is most commonly șied); t(h)ăr 'impersonal pronoun' (rebracketing)

** ''Vă '''m' ''' ă cadăl.'' 'I was sleeping.'

* disjunctive pronouns (most commonly direct objects in independent clauses): me thü e i ni iv ied

* disjunctive pronouns (most commonly direct objects in independent clauses): me thü e i sņi iv ied

** ''To ~~șni~~ ăg ith băméșăch ăn Hanică '''ied'''.'' 'We eat them during Hanukkah.'

** ''To șņi ăg ith băméșăch ăn Hanică '''ied'''.'' 'We eat them during Hanukkah.'

* copular pronouns (the forms used as copulas, including in cleft constructions); see the section on the copula

** '''''Șe''' ăm pŗivrav ăģ ăm bală gini e.'' 'He's the chief rabbi of our town.'

All of these forms have emphatic counterparts: mișă, t(h)üsă, (ș)eșăn, (ș)ișă, ~~șni~~, (ș)ivșă, (ș)iedsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms. These are used to address someone: ''Tüsă!''/''ivșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns: אן אף תּוּסא, בּרוֹתּוֹס ''Ăn af tüsă, Brutus?'' 'Et tu, Brute?' To emphasize ''~~șni~~'' 'we' you have to use ''feyn'' after it (~~șni~~ itself comes from the emphatic form ''*siňə'').

All of these forms have emphatic counterparts: mișă, t(h)üsă, (ș)eșăn, (ș)ișă, șņi, (ș)ivșă, (ș)iedsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms. These are used to address someone: ''Tüsă!''/''ivșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns: אן אף תּוּסא, בּרוֹתּוֹס ''Ăn af tüsă, Brutus?'' 'Et tu, Brute?' To emphasize ''șņi'' 'we' you have to use ''feyn'' after it (șņi itself comes from the emphatic form ''*siňə'').

Emphatic suffixes for prepositions with pronominal suffixes: -să -să -șăn -șă feyn -șă -săn: e.g. for ''ăģ'' 'of, at' we have ''gumsă, gădsă, ģeșăn, c̦ișă, ~~gini~~ feyn, givșă, cusăn''

Emphatic suffixes for prepositions with pronominal suffixes: -să -să -șăn -șă feyn -șă -săn: e.g. for ''ăģ'' 'of, at' we have ''gumsă, gădsă, ģeșăn, c̦ișă, giņi feyn, givșă, cusăn''

Another common way to emphasize a pronoun is to use ''feyn'' after it (e.g. מישא ףעין ''mișă feyn'' 'I myself', אן קיום ףעין ז׳ע ''ăn giyăm feyn ģe'' 'his very existence').

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 ===Pronouns===
 Ăn Yidiș independent pronouns have three forms (i.e. not counting possessive prefixes and pronominal suffixes on prepositions):
-* conjunctive pronouns (the form that follows inflected forms of the auxiliary ''bi''): me t(h)ü șe și șni șiv șied (3sg epicene is most commonly șied); t(h)ăr 'impersonal pronoun' (rebracketing)
+* conjunctive pronouns (the form that follows inflected forms of the auxiliary ''bi''): me t(h)ü șe și șņi șiv șied (3sg epicene is most commonly șied); t(h)ăr 'impersonal pronoun' (rebracketing)
 ** ''Vă '''m' ''' ă cadăl.'' 'I was sleeping.'
-* disjunctive pronouns (most commonly direct objects in independent clauses): me thü e i ni iv ied
+* disjunctive pronouns (most commonly direct objects in independent clauses): me thü e i sņi iv ied
-** ''To șni ăg ith băméșăch ăn Hanică '''ied'''.'' 'We eat them during Hanukkah.'
+** ''To șņi ăg ith băméșăch ăn Hanică '''ied'''.'' 'We eat them during Hanukkah.'
 * copular pronouns (the forms used as copulas, including in cleft constructions); see the section on the copula
 ** '''''Șe''' ăm pŗivrav ăģ ăm bală gini e.'' 'He's the chief rabbi of our town.'
-All of these forms have emphatic counterparts: mișă, t(h)üsă, (ș)eșăn, (ș)ișă, șni, (ș)ivșă, (ș)iedsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms. These are used to address someone: ''Tüsă!''/''ivșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns: אן אף תּוּסא, בּרוֹתּוֹס ''Ăn af tüsă, Brutus?'' 'Et tu, Brute?' To emphasize ''șni'' 'we' you have to use ''feyn'' after it (șni itself comes from the emphatic form ''*siňə'').
+All of these forms have emphatic counterparts: mișă, t(h)üsă, (ș)eșăn, (ș)ișă, șņi, (ș)ivșă, (ș)iedsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms. These are used to address someone: ''Tüsă!''/''ivșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns: אן אף תּוּסא, בּרוֹתּוֹס ''Ăn af tüsă, Brutus?'' 'Et tu, Brute?' To emphasize ''șņi'' 'we' you have to use ''feyn'' after it (șņi itself comes from the emphatic form ''*siňə'').
-Emphatic suffixes for prepositions with pronominal suffixes: -să -să -șăn -șă feyn -șă -săn: e.g. for ''ăģ'' 'of, at' we have ''gumsă, gădsă, ģeșăn, c&#x326;ișă, gini feyn, givșă, cusăn''
+Emphatic suffixes for prepositions with pronominal suffixes: -să -să -șăn -șă feyn -șă -săn: e.g. for ''ăģ'' 'of, at' we have ''gumsă, gădsă, ģeșăn, c&#x326;ișă, giņi feyn, givșă, cusăn''
 Another common way to emphasize a pronoun is to use ''feyn'' after it (e.g. מישא ףעין ''mișă feyn'' 'I myself', אן קיום ףעין ז׳ע ''ăn giyăm feyn ģe'' 'his very existence').