Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions

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 * 1st and 2nd person: mișă PRED = I am PRED
 * 3rd person: șe PRED e TOPIC (or și...i, or șied...ied, as appropriate for the topic noun phrase) = TOPIC is PRED, or șe PRED e = he is PRED
+Bare copulas also exist, mainly for fixed expressions like ''efșăr lă X'' 'X can'. Bare-copula questions are answered in the following way:
+Say the question is ''Ăn efșăr lă Yual șeyņ?'' 'Can Yual (Yoel) sing?'. Then the 'yes' and 'no' answers are;
+* ''Efșăr.'' 'Yes (he can).'
+* ''Chan efșăr.'' 'No (he can't).'
+Tag questions work as follows:
+* ''Chan efșăr lă Yual șeyņ, ăn efșăr?'' 'Yual can't sing, can he?'
+* ''Efșăr lă Yual șeyņ, chan efșăr?'' 'Yual can sing, can't he?'
 ===Nouns===