Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions

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* copular pronouns (the forms used as copulas; cleft constructions use the emphatic forms); see the section on the copula

** '''''Șe''' ăm pŗivrav ăģ ăm bală giņi e.'' 'He's the chief rabbi of our town.'

** '''''Șesăn''' ăm pŗivrav e.'' / '''''Șe șesăn''' ă șe ăm pŗivrav.'' = 'It's him who's the chief rabbi.' (no ''e'' here because it's a relative copular clause)

** '''''Șesăn''' ăm pŗivrav e.'' / '''''Șe șesăn''' ă șe ăm pŗivrav.'' = 'It's him who's the chief rabbi.' (no ''e'' here because it's a relative copular clause.

''Șiv'' is used as a polite pronoun, like Yiddish ''ir''.

All of these forms have emphatic counterparts: mișă, t(h)üsă, (ș)esăn , (ș)ișă, șņi, (ș)ivșă, (ș)iedsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms. These are used to address someone: ''Tüsă!''/''Ivșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns: אן אף תּוּסא, בּרוֹתּוֹס ''Ăn af tüsă, Brutus?'' 'Et tu, Brute?' To emphasize ''șņi'' 'we' you have to use ''feyn'' after it (șņi itself comes from the emphatic form ''*siňə'').

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''m-'' and ''d-'' are used before a vowel, or when a lenited ''f'' results in an initial vowel.

~~''Șiv'' is used as a polite pronoun, like Yiddish ''ir''.~~

=== List of inalienable nouns ===

@@ Line 580: / Line 580: @@
 * copular pronouns (the forms used as copulas; cleft constructions use the emphatic forms); see the section on the copula
 ** '''''Șe''' ăm pŗivrav ăģ ăm bală giņi e.'' 'He's the chief rabbi of our town.'
-** '''''Șesăn''' ăm pŗivrav e.'' / '''''Șe șesăn''' ă șe ăm pŗivrav.'' = 'It's him who's the chief rabbi.' (no ''e'' here because it's a relative copular clause)
+** '''''Șesăn''' ăm pŗivrav e.'' / '''''Șe șesăn''' ă șe ăm pŗivrav.'' = 'It's him who's the chief rabbi.' (no ''e'' here because it's a relative copular clause.
+''Șiv'' is used as a polite pronoun, like Yiddish ''ir''.
 All of these forms have emphatic counterparts: mișă, t(h)üsă, (ș)esăn , (ș)ișă, șņi, (ș)ivșă, (ș)iedsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms. These are used to address someone: ''Tüsă!''/''Ivșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns: אן אף תּוּסא, בּרוֹתּוֹס ''Ăn af tüsă, Brutus?'' 'Et tu, Brute?' To emphasize ''șņi'' 'we' you have to use ''feyn'' after it (șņi itself comes from the emphatic form ''*siňə'').
@@ Line 600: / Line 602: @@
 ''m-'' and ''d-'' are used before a vowel, or when a lenited ''f'' results in an initial vowel.
-''Șiv'' is used as a polite pronoun, like Yiddish ''ir''.
 === List of inalienable nouns ===