Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions

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===Pronouns===

Ăn Yidiș independent pronouns have three forms (i.e. not counting possessive prefixes and pronominal suffixes on prepositions):

* conjunctive pronouns (the form that follows inflected forms of the auxiliary ''bi''): mi t(h)i șe și șņi șiv șied (3sg epicene is most commonly șied); t(h)ăr 'impersonal pronoun' (rebracketing)

* conjunctive pronouns (the form that follows inflected forms of the auxiliary ''bi''): mi t(h)u șe și șņi șiv șied (3sg epicene is most commonly șied); t(h)ăr 'impersonal pronoun' (rebracketing)

** ''Vă '''mi ''' ă cadăl.'' 'I was sleeping.

* disjunctive pronouns (most commonly direct objects in independent clauses): mi ti e i șņi iv ied

* disjunctive pronouns (most commonly direct objects in independent clauses): mi tu e i șņi iv ied

** ''To șņi ăg ith băméșăch ăm Purim '''ied'''.'' 'We eat them during Purim.'

* copular pronouns (the forms used as copulas; cleft constructions use the emphatic forms); see the section on the copula

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''Șiv'' is used as a polite 2nd person pronoun (the same way as Yiddish ''ir''; e.g. ''șiv'' is used for speaking to a rabbi).

All of these forms have emphatic counterparts: mișă, t(h)~~üsă~~, (ș)esăn , (ș)ișă, șņi, (ș)ivșă, (ș)iedsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms. These are used to address someone: ''~~Tüsă~~!''/''Ivșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns: אן אף ~~תּוּסא~~, בּרוֹתּוֹס ''Ăn af ~~tüsă~~, Brutus?'' 'Et tu, Brute?' To emphasize ''șņi'' 'we' you have to use ''feyn'' after it (șņi itself comes from the emphatic form ''*siňə'').

All of these forms have emphatic counterparts: mișă, t(h)usă, (ș)esăn , (ș)ișă, șņi, (ș)ivșă, (ș)iedsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms. These are used to address someone: ''Tusă!''/''Ivșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns: אן אף תּוֹסא, בּרוֹתּוֹס ''Ăn af tusă, Brutus?'' 'Et tu, Brute?' To emphasize ''șņi'' 'we' you have to use ''feyn'' after it (șņi itself comes from the emphatic form ''*siňə'').

Emphatic suffixes for prepositions with pronominal suffixes: -să -să -șăn -șă feyn -șă -săn: e.g. for ''ăģ'' 'of, at' we have ''gumsă, gădsă, ģesăn , c̦ișă, giņi feyn, givșă, cusăn''

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 ===Pronouns===
 Ăn Yidiș independent pronouns have three forms (i.e. not counting possessive prefixes and pronominal suffixes on prepositions):
-* conjunctive pronouns (the form that follows inflected forms of the auxiliary ''bi''): mi t(h)i șe și șņi șiv șied (3sg epicene is most commonly șied); t(h)ăr 'impersonal pronoun' (rebracketing)
+* conjunctive pronouns (the form that follows inflected forms of the auxiliary ''bi''): mi t(h)u șe și șņi șiv șied (3sg epicene is most commonly șied); t(h)ăr 'impersonal pronoun' (rebracketing)
 ** ''Vă '''mi ''' ă cadăl.'' 'I was sleeping.
-* disjunctive pronouns (most commonly direct objects in independent clauses): mi ti e i șņi iv ied
+* disjunctive pronouns (most commonly direct objects in independent clauses): mi tu e i șņi iv ied
 ** ''To șņi ăg ith băméșăch ăm Purim '''ied'''.'' 'We eat them during Purim.'
 * copular pronouns (the forms used as copulas; cleft constructions use the emphatic forms); see the section on the copula
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 ''Șiv'' is used as a polite 2nd person pronoun (the same way as Yiddish ''ir''; e.g. ''șiv'' is used for speaking to a rabbi).
-All of these forms have emphatic counterparts: mișă, t(h)üsă, (ș)esăn , (ș)ișă, șņi, (ș)ivșă, (ș)iedsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms. These are used to address someone: ''Tüsă!''/''Ivșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns: אן אף תּוּסא, בּרוֹתּוֹס ''Ăn af tüsă, Brutus?'' 'Et tu, Brute?' To emphasize ''șņi'' 'we' you have to use ''feyn'' after it (șņi itself comes from the emphatic form ''*siňə'').
+All of these forms have emphatic counterparts: mișă, t(h)usă, (ș)esăn , (ș)ișă, șņi, (ș)ivșă, (ș)iedsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms. These are used to address someone: ''Tusă!''/''Ivșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns: אן אף תּוֹסא, בּרוֹתּוֹס ''Ăn af tusă, Brutus?'' 'Et tu, Brute?' To emphasize ''șņi'' 'we' you have to use ''feyn'' after it (șņi itself comes from the emphatic form ''*siňə'').
 Emphatic suffixes for prepositions with pronominal suffixes: -să -să -șăn -șă feyn -șă -săn: e.g. for ''ăģ'' 'of, at' we have ''gumsă, gădsă, ģesăn , c&#x326;ișă, giņi feyn, givșă, cusăn''