Verse:Irta (Old)/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions

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* The nominative is used the most often, including as prepositional objects; the Old Irish accusative and prepositional cases are lost.

* The inherited genitive is only used to mark definite objects of verbs, similarly to Hebrew ''et'', and almost never possessors. The genitive is no longer productive in head-initial compounds.

* The inherited vocative survives only for ''Zie'' 'God': ''ă Zhey (gum/giņi)!'' /əˈjej/, or the fixed expression ''(oy) mă-Zhey!'' 'oh my God'. To call family members, forms such as ''mă-mhoŗ!'' 'my mother!' are used.

** The vocative particle ''oy'' always lenites, however, unless the following noun is an inalienably possessed noun. (It's a contraction of the Hebrew particle *oy + the Gaelic vocTive particle *a (+lenition).)

Possession is expressed with the construction ''ăn X ăģ Y'' (lit. the X at Y), for example אן כּאַתּ אַק׳ מא־מֿאַכּ ''ăn cat ăģ mă-mhac'' 'my son's cat'.

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 * The nominative is used the most often, including as prepositional objects; the Old Irish accusative and prepositional cases are lost.
 * The inherited genitive is only used to mark definite objects of verbs, similarly to Hebrew ''et'', and almost never possessors. The genitive is no longer productive in head-initial compounds.
 * The inherited vocative survives only for ''Zie'' 'God': ''ă Zhey (gum/giņi)!'' /əˈjej/, or the fixed expression ''(oy) mă-Zhey!'' 'oh my God'. To call family members, forms such as ''mă-mhoŗ!'' 'my mother!' are used.
+** The vocative particle ''oy'' always lenites, however, unless the following noun is an inalienably possessed noun. (It's a contraction of the Hebrew particle *oy + the Gaelic vocTive particle *a (+lenition).)
 Possession is expressed with the construction ''ăn X ăģ Y'' (lit. the X at Y), for example אן כּאַתּ אַק׳ מא־מֿאַכּ ''ăn cat ăģ mă-mhac'' 'my son's cat'.