Verse:Irta (Old)/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions
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Elements that were originally patronymics: | Elements that were originally patronymics: | ||
*Gaelic: for men: מאַכּ חיים mac Chaym "son of Chaym". | *Gaelic: for men: מאַכּ חיים mac Chaym "son of Chaym". | ||
** The counterpart for unmarried women is ניצש חיים | ** The counterpart for unmarried women is ניצש חיים nic̦ Chaym (nic̦ +lenition < inghenL mhaiccL _ 'daughter of a mac _'); a wife of a mac Chaym takes the surname מען מאַכּ חיים men mac Chaym. | ||
**''u'' (m), ''ni'' +lenition (daughter), ''men-i'' +lenition (wife) are not productive; typically names of pre-Ăn Yidiș Gaelic clans such as u Ceyv (~ Ó Caoimh, O'Keeffe) | **''u'' (m), ''ni'' +lenition (daughter), ''men-i'' +lenition (wife) are not productive; typically names of pre-Ăn Yidiș Gaelic clans such as u Ceyv (~ Ó Caoimh, O'Keeffe) | ||
*Semitic: בּן/בּר/בּת חיים, חיימי ben (m)/bar (m)/bas (f) Chaim, Chaimi | *Semitic: בּן/בּר/בּת חיים, חיימי ben (m)/bar (m)/bas (f) Chaim, Chaimi | ||
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* In most modern accents ''ŗ'' /ʒ/ is postalveolar and merges with ''ș'' when devoiced. It is pronounced as Czech ''ř'' (devoiced after voiceless fricatives and aspirated stops) in conservative dialects and merges with ''ș'' or becomes a sound similar to Spanish ''y'' in ''yendo'' in some dialects. | * In most modern accents ''ŗ'' /ʒ/ is postalveolar and merges with ''ș'' when devoiced. It is pronounced as Czech ''ř'' (devoiced after voiceless fricatives and aspirated stops) in conservative dialects and merges with ''ș'' or becomes a sound similar to Spanish ''y'' in ''yendo'' in some dialects. | ||
* Stop + fricative clusters are distinct from affricates: some minimal pairs are דר׳עבאר ''dŗevăr'' /tʃevər/ 'sister' and זשעבאר ''ģevăr'' /t͡ʃevər/ 'winter'; תּר׳י ''tŗi'' /tʰʃɪ/ '3' and צשי ''c̦i'' /t͡ʃʰɪ/ 'at her'. | * Stop + fricative clusters are distinct from affricates: some minimal pairs are דר׳עבאר ''dŗevăr'' /tʃevər/ 'sister' and זשעבאר ''ģevăr'' /t͡ʃevər/ 'winter'; תּר׳י ''tŗi'' /tʰʃɪ/ '3' and צשי ''c̦i'' /t͡ʃʰɪ/ 'at her'. | ||
* /h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ], but is [ħ̞] (weak [ħ]) before or after /a/ and [ | * /h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ], but is [ħ̞] (weak [ħ]) before or after /a/ and [ç] after /i/. Word-finally it is always [ħ̞]. | ||
* /n/ assimilates to [ŋ] before /k kʰ/. | * /n/ assimilates to [ŋ] before /k kʰ/. | ||
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אָן ''on'' 'in him' /O:n/ or /oun/ has a different vowel than ל'אָן ''łon'' 'full' /ɫon/; ''ołn'' is now the prevailing pronunciation for this word, even when speaking Ăn Căyzon, due to the influence of Ballmer Ăn Yidiș which descends from this dialect. | אָן ''on'' 'in him' /O:n/ or /oun/ has a different vowel than ל'אָן ''łon'' 'full' /ɫon/; ''ołn'' is now the prevailing pronunciation for this word, even when speaking Ăn Căyzon, due to the influence of Ballmer Ăn Yidiș which descends from this dialect. | ||
c̦ ģ remain palatal stops in some of these dialects, or they become retroflex stops. ŗ ł retain their Proto-Ăn Yidiș values. | |||
=== Ballmer (Baltimore) Ăn Yidiș === | === Ballmer (Baltimore) Ăn Yidiș === | ||
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===== Bare copula ===== | ===== Bare copula ===== | ||
Ăn Yidiș also uses the so-called ''bare copula'' (כּאָפּוֹלאַ רוּשכּ׳א ''copula | Ăn Yidiș also uses the so-called ''bare copula'' (כּאָפּוֹלאַ רוּשכּ׳א ''copula rüșc̦ă''), deriving from an omitted ''iš'' without a following pronoun, mainly for fixed expressions like | ||
* ''efșăr lă X'' 'X can' | * ''efșăr lă X'' 'X can' | ||
** ''b'efșăr lă X'' 'X could' | ** ''b'efșăr lă X'' 'X could' | ||
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** אן כּוֹן ''ăn cun'' 'the dog' | ** אן כּוֹן ''ăn cun'' 'the dog' | ||
** אן קאבאר ''ăn găvăr'' 'the goat' | ** אן קאבאר ''ăn găvăr'' 'the goat' | ||
** אן כּ׳אָנארט ''ăn | ** אן כּ׳אָנארט ''ăn c̦onărd'' 'the leader' | ||
** אן ק׳אָל׳ ''ăn ģoł'' 'the game' | ** אן ק׳אָל׳ ''ăn ģoł'' 'the game' | ||
** אן תּלמיד ''ăn talmid'' 'the pupil' | ** אן תּלמיד ''ăn talmid'' 'the pupil' | ||
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: 'Wisdom is better than weapons of war.' (טוֹבָה חָכְמָה מִכְּלֵי קְרָב) | : 'Wisdom is better than weapons of war.' (טוֹבָה חָכְמָה מִכְּלֵי קְרָב) | ||
==== Comparison ==== | ==== Comparison ==== | ||
''chu ADJ | ''chu ADJ ŗi NOUN'' is used for 'as ADJ as NOUN'. | ||
Comparatives are formed by adding נאס ''năs'' 'more' and אס ''ăs'' 'most' before the comparative form of the adjective, which is usually formed with -ă or palatalization + -ă: ףוֹאר, נאס-ףוֹאר'א, אס-ףוֹאר'א ''fuar, năs- | Comparatives are formed by adding נאס ''năs'' 'more' and אס ''ăs'' 'most' before the comparative form of the adjective, which is usually formed with -ă or palatalization + -ă: ףוֹאר, נאס-ףוֹאר'א, אס-ףוֹאר'א ''fuar, năs-fuaŗă, ăs-fuaŗă'' 'cold, colder, coldest'. Adjectives of Hebrew and Aramaic origin don't palatalize: מיאוס, נאס-מיאוסא ''mies, năs-miesă'' 'bad'. The word נא ''nă'' is used for 'than'. | ||
There is no tense change for comparatives unlike in Irish where ''níos mó'' 'bigger' changes to ''ní ba mó'' in the past tense. | There is no tense change for comparatives unlike in Irish where ''níos mó'' 'bigger' changes to ''ní ba mó'' in the past tense. | ||
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*''ăģ/ăg'' 'at': ''gum, găd, ģe, c̦i, giņi, giv, că'' | *''ăģ/ăg'' 'at': ''gum, găd, ģe, c̦i, giņi, giv, că'' | ||
** ''ăģ'' becomes ''ăg'' before a coronal. | ** ''ăģ'' becomes ''ăg'' before a coronal. | ||
** emphatic forms: ''gumsă, gădsă, ģesăn, | ** emphatic forms: ''gumsă, gădsă, ģesăn, c̦ișă, giņín, givsă, cusăn'' | ||
*''tăģ/tăg'' 'of': ''tam, tad, teģ, tec̦i, teņi, tav, tacă'' | *''tăģ/tăg'' 'of': ''tam, tad, teģ, tec̦i, teņi, tav, tacă'' | ||
** emphatic forms: ''tamsă, tadsă, teģsăn, | ** emphatic forms: ''tamsă, tadsă, teģsăn, tec̦ișă, teņín, tavsă, tacăsăn'' | ||
** the ''tăģ/tag'' alternation is similar to that of ''ăģ/ăg'' | ** the ''tăģ/tag'' alternation is similar to that of ''ăģ/ăg'' | ||
*''dă°, d' '' 'to, for': ''dum, did, do, di(hi), diņi, div, du(hă)'' (d- is deleted after a coronal obstruent) | *''dă°, d' '' 'to, for': ''dum, did, do, di(hi), diņi, div, du(hă)'' (d- is deleted after a coronal obstruent) | ||
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21, 22, ... = fișăd să h-eyn, fișăd să du, ... | 21, 22, ... = fișăd să h-eyn, fișăd să du, ... | ||
100, 200, ... = meyă, du mheyă, tŗi mheyă, ... ( | 100, 200, ... = meyă, du mheyă, tŗi mheyă, ... (c̦ead is only used in fixed expressions) | ||
1000 = mil, elăf | 1000 = mil, elăf | ||
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**תּאָ רבקה אָרט ''To Rivgă ord'' 'Rivgă is tall' | **תּאָ רבקה אָרט ''To Rivgă ord'' 'Rivgă is tall' | ||
**תּאָ רבקה אינש אן חדר-קאַדאל ''To Rivgă inș ăn chedăr-cadăl'' 'Rivgă is in the bedroom' | **תּאָ רבקה אינש אן חדר-קאַדאל ''To Rivgă inș ăn chedăr-cadăl'' 'Rivgă is in the bedroom' | ||
*to become or serve as X is ''bi ină+lenition X'': ''To mi ăg | *to become or serve as X is ''bi ină+lenition X'': ''To mi ăg ieŗi bi ină chovir did'' 'I want to be your friend' (ină doesn't inflect for the subject unlike in Scottish Gaelic) | ||
===Infinitive phrases=== | ===Infinitive phrases=== | ||
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* ''fuah/mies lum'' 'I hate' (''mies lum'' is stronger) | * ''fuah/mies lum'' 'I hate' (''mies lum'' is stronger) | ||
* ''tosăch'' 'to begin' | * ''tosăch'' 'to begin' | ||
* '' | * ''zeŗăch'' 'to finish' | ||
* ''t' ărum'' 'I have to' | * ''t' ărum'' 'I have to' | ||
* ''cdey'' 'in order to' (some word like ''cdey'' is mandatory to introduce purpose clauses) | * ''cdey'' 'in order to' (some word like ''cdey'' is mandatory to introduce purpose clauses) | ||
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* 'sin' is חטא ''cheyd'' (m) instead of ''**pecădh''. | * 'sin' is חטא ''cheyd'' (m) instead of ''**pecădh''. | ||
* The word ''zef'' (*deacht 'deity') shifted to meaning 'god, esp. non-monotheistic or Gentile' | * The word ''zef'' (*deacht 'deity') shifted to meaning 'god, esp. non-monotheistic or Gentile' | ||
* Newer religious terms prefer direct Latin or Greek loans: for example, the word for 'religion' is itself ''relígio'' rather than ''** | * Newer religious terms prefer direct Latin or Greek loans: for example, the word for 'religion' is itself ''relígio'' rather than ''**cŗezăv'' (Irish ''creideamh'', literally 'belief', potentially problematic because Judaism is traditionally not as focused on faith as such to the same extent as Christianity). | ||
Modern Ăn Yidiș is more willing to borrow international vocabulary than Irish. | Modern Ăn Yidiș is more willing to borrow international vocabulary than Irish. | ||
===Derivation=== | ===Derivation=== | ||
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'''''Gină gan c̦uł''''' (''lă hEdnă Seynt Vinsănt Miley'') | '''''Gină gan c̦uł''''' (''lă hEdnă Seynt Vinsănt Miley'') | ||
''Chanel me nichnă leș ăn nilă năn crăyn ă | ''Chanel me nichnă leș ăn nilă năn crăyn ă faŗăfdăn ghro szech dă nă gvorăs.'' | ||
''To șe măr șa is bey șe măr șa, măr vă șe măr șa, u zmanim ru chivnă;'' | ''To șe măr șa is bey șe măr șa, măr vă șe măr șa, u zmanim ru chivnă;'' | ||
''To șied ă fałăv isțech dăn șoal, nă săyăn h-egni is h-ołă. Ŗi csorăs*'' | ''To șied ă fałăv isțech dăn șoal, nă săyăn h-egni is h-ołă. Ŗi csorăs*'' | ||