Verse:Tdūrzů/Knench: Difference between revisions

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====VN constructions====

Crannish has a rich tense-aspect system which expresses imperfective/perfective as well as progressive and perfect.

*'''''ri''' Parm '''bə''' laht'' = Parm goes

*'''''ri''' Parm '''bə''' laht oj'' = Parm goes

*'''''ri''' Parm '''ław''' laht'' = Parm is going

*'''''ri''' Parm '''ław''' laht oj'' = Parm is going

*'''''ri''' Parm '''þax''' laht'' = Parm is about to go

*'''''ri''' Parm '''þax''' laht oj'' = Parm is about to go

*'''''ri''' Parm '''xni''' laht'' = Parm has gone

*'''''ri''' Parm '''xni''' laht oj'' = Parm has gone

*'''''ri''' Parm '''xni juð bə''' laht'' = Parm has been going

*'''''ri''' Parm '''xni juð oj bə''' laht'' = Parm has been going

*'''''ri''' Parm '''dəž''' laht'' = Parm just went

*'''''ri''' Parm '''dəž''' laht oj'' = Parm just went

*'''''ri''' Parm '''wen''' laht'' = Parm hasn't went

*'''''ri''' Parm '''wen''' laht oj'' = Parm hasn't went

*'''''fól''' Parm '''ðə''' laht'' = Parm went (perfective; cf. AAVE ''She done went'')

*'''''þąf''' Parm '''ðə''' laht'' = Parm will go (perfective)

*'''''han''' Parm '''bə''' laht'' = Parm went (imperfective)

*'''''han''' Parm '''bə''' laht oj'' = Parm went (imperfective)

*'''''þé''' Parm '''bə''' laht'' = Parm will go (imperfective)

*'''''þé''' Parm '''bə''' laht oj'' = Parm will go (imperfective)

*''Laht!'' = Go! (number neutral)

*'''''gwenu''' laht!'' (3uqbinu lekt "follow us to go") = Let's go!

In clauses with a copula and a ~~nominal subject~~, ~~written~~ Crannish ~~prefers~~ the ''subject~~-indexing construction'' (SIC),~~ ''R'ižəs bø hél u ð'~~abwəs'', over ''R'ižəs bø hél~~ abwəs''. ~~The SIC~~ is etymologically "See the man when he's eating the apple", cf. Biblical and literary Modern Hebrew באכלו את התפוח "when he eats the apple (but tense- and aspect-neutral)".

In clauses with a copula and a verbal noun, Crannish requires the pronoun corresponding to the subject to come right after the verbal noun: ''R'ižəs bø hél u ð'abwəs''. This is etymologically "See the man when he's eating the apple", cf. Biblical and literary Modern Hebrew באכלו את התפוח "when he eats the apple (but tense- and aspect-neutral)".

The clause-initial subject pronoun + bə colloquially tends to be omitted in the present tense when the subject is 1st or 2nd person: ''Ðób tr ð'i nr?'' 'Do you love me?'

A copular clause with a pronominal direct object always uses the SIC: ''R'ižəs bə ðób u ð'oj.'' 'The man loves her.' In this case, the clause-initial subject pronoun + bə colloquially tends to be omitted in the present tense when the subject is 1st or 2nd person: ''Ðób tr ð'i nr?'' 'Do you love me?'

==== Passive and causative ====

''Ðett'' 'to give' is used as an auxiliary for the causative:

@@ Line 583: / Line 583: @@
 ====VN constructions====
 Crannish has a rich tense-aspect system which expresses imperfective/perfective as well as progressive and perfect.
-*'''''ri''' Parm '''bə''' laht'' = Parm goes
+*'''''ri''' Parm '''bə''' laht oj'' = Parm goes
-*'''''ri''' Parm '''ław''' laht'' = Parm is going
+*'''''ri''' Parm '''ław''' laht oj'' = Parm is going
-*'''''ri''' Parm '''þax''' laht'' = Parm is about to go
+*'''''ri''' Parm '''þax''' laht oj'' = Parm is about to go
-*'''''ri''' Parm '''xni''' laht'' = Parm has gone
+*'''''ri''' Parm '''xni''' laht oj'' = Parm has gone
-*'''''ri''' Parm '''xni juð bə''' laht'' = Parm has been going
+*'''''ri''' Parm '''xni juð oj bə''' laht'' = Parm has been going
-*'''''ri''' Parm '''dəž''' laht'' = Parm just went
+*'''''ri''' Parm '''dəž''' laht oj'' = Parm just went
-*'''''ri''' Parm '''wen''' laht'' = Parm hasn't went
+*'''''ri''' Parm '''wen''' laht oj'' = Parm hasn't went
 *'''''fól''' Parm '''ðə''' laht'' = Parm went (perfective; cf. AAVE ''She done went'')
 *'''''þąf''' Parm '''ðə''' laht'' = Parm will go (perfective)
-*'''''han''' Parm '''bə''' laht'' = Parm went (imperfective)
+*'''''han''' Parm '''bə''' laht oj'' = Parm went (imperfective)
-*'''''þé''' Parm '''bə''' laht'' = Parm will go (imperfective)
+*'''''þé''' Parm '''bə''' laht oj'' = Parm will go (imperfective)
 *''Laht!'' = Go! (number neutral)
 *'''''gwenu''' laht!'' (3uqbinu lekt "follow us to go") = Let's go!
-In clauses with a copula and a nominal subject, written Crannish prefers the ''subject-indexing construction'' (SIC), ''R'ižəs bø hél u ð'abwəs'', over ''R'ižəs bø hél abwəs''. The SIC is etymologically "See the man when he's eating the apple", cf. Biblical and literary Modern Hebrew באכלו את התפוח "when he eats the apple (but tense- and aspect-neutral)".
+In clauses with a copula and a verbal noun, Crannish requires the pronoun corresponding to the subject to come right after the verbal noun: ''R'ižəs bø hél u ð'abwəs''. This is etymologically "See the man when he's eating the apple", cf. Biblical and literary Modern Hebrew באכלו את התפוח "when he eats the apple (but tense- and aspect-neutral)".
+The clause-initial subject pronoun + bə colloquially tends to be omitted in the present tense when the subject is 1st or 2nd person: ''Ðób tr ð'i nr?'' 'Do you love me?'
-A copular clause with a pronominal direct object always uses the SIC: ''R'ižəs bə ðób u ð'oj.'' 'The man loves her.' In this case, the clause-initial subject pronoun + bə colloquially tends to be omitted in the present tense when the subject is 1st or 2nd person: ''Ðób tr ð'i nr?'' 'Do you love me?'
 ==== Passive and causative ====
 ''Ðett'' 'to give' is used as an auxiliary for the causative: