Proto-Hlou-Shum: Difference between revisions
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#*''*u~C > uoC'' | #*''*u~C > uoC'' | ||
#*''*u~ī > ui'' | #*''*u~ī > ui'' | ||
#ʕ > ħ | #''*ʕ'' > ''*ħ'' | ||
#vv | #''*vv, *zz'' > ''*wv *z'' | ||
#:bb | #:''*bb *dd *gg'' > *mb *nd *ng''; also ''*ʡʡ *ħħ'' > ''*ʡ *ħ'', lengthening previous vowel | ||
# | #C[+radical] > ''*a'' / _# | ||
C[+radical] > a / _# | |||
==Classical Themsarian phonology== | ==Classical Themsarian phonology== | ||
Revision as of 13:31, 7 September 2014
Proto-Talsmic phonology
Consonant inventory
| Proto-Talsmic reconstructed consonants | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labial | Alveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||
| Nasal | *m | *n | |||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | *p | *t | *ƛ | *k | *q | *ʔ | ||
| voiced | *b | *d | *λ | *g | |||||
| aspirated | *pʰ | *tʰ | *ƛʰ | *kʰ | *qʰ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | *s | *ł | *h | |||||
| voiced | *z | *ḽ | *ʁ | ||||||
| Approximant | *w | *l | *j | ||||||
| Trill | *r | ||||||||
Vocalic inventory
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | *i *ī | *u *ū | |
| Mid | *e *ē | *o *ō | |
| Open | *a *ā |
Sound changes
- ph, th, ƛh, kh, qh > resp. aspirates
- First spirantization:
- qʰ > χ
- pʰ > f
- Radicalization:
- q > ʡ
- χ > ħ
- Assimilation of dentals:
- ts, ths > ss
- dz, thz > zz > later z
- ƛs > ƛʰ
- ƛz > λ
- Some cluster changes:
- tk > kt
- tp, db, kp, gb > tv, dv, kv, gv (should be earlier than PTal?)
- kt, łt, kþ > xt
- pþ > ps
- qt > ħt
- Second spirantization:
- tʰ > þ
- kʰ > x
- ƛʰ > ł
- ʔC > C[+long]
- C̓ʔ, Ch > Ce usually,
- mʔ, nʔ, lʔ, rʔ > also mp, nt, lt, rt (especially in function morphemes)
- mh, nh, lh, rh > also nf, nþ, lþ, rþ
- Loss of laterals (nearly unique to Themsaran?):
- ƛ > ŧ /ts/
- ł > þ
- λ > l, λλ > ld
- ḽ > ð, ḽḽ > lð
- Rhotacization:
- z > r / _C[+voiced]
- dl > rl
- Epenthetic vowels are added:
- CC[+resonant]# > CyC[+resonant]# and in many functional morphemes.
- w > v (a velarized labiodental approximant)
- ʁ / V_V, _C[+coronal] > v (a Themsarian-only sound change)
- ʁ otherwise > ʕ
- Loss of glottal stop:
- clitic =ʔ becomes final downstep
- vowel contractions: (~ denotes *ʔ or *h)
- *a~ > ā
- *a~e, *ajV *a~i > ae
- *aj, a~ī > ai
- *a~o, *awV(sometimes), *a~u > ao
- *aw, > au (sometimes)
- *e~C > eaC
- *ej, *ew, *e~ī > ei
- *e~u, *e~ū > ju, jū
- *ēj > ie
- *ē~ > ie (sometimes)
- *i~C > ieC
- *o~C > oaC
- *o~i, oj, u~i, uj > ȳ
- *o~ī > oi
- *ow > ū
- *u~C > uoC
- *u~ī > ui
- *ʕ > *ħ
- *vv, *zz > *wv *z
- *bb *dd *gg > *mb *nd *ng; also *ʡʡ *ħħ > *ʡ *ħ, lengthening previous vowel
- C[+radical] > *a / _#
Classical Themsarian phonology
Consonant inventory
| Consonants | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Radical | Glottal | ||
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | n [ŋ] | |||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | c /k/ | q /ʡ/ | |||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f /f/ | th /θ/ | s /s/ | ch /x~ɣ/ | ħ /ħ~ʜ/ | h /h~ɦ/ | |
| voiced | ð /ð/ | z /z/ | q [ʕ~ʢ] | |||||
| Affricate | ŧ /t̪s̪~ts~tɕ~tʃ/ | |||||||
| Approximant | v /ʋˠ/ | j /j/ | ||||||
| Trill | r /r/ | |||||||
| Lateral app. | l /l/ | |||||||
Vocalic inventory
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i /i/ | ī /iː/ | y /ʉ̜/ | ȳ /ʉ̜ː/ | u /u/ | ū /uː/ |
| Mid | e /e̞/ | ē /e̞ː/ | o /o̞/ | ō /o̞ː/ | ||
| Open | a /a/ | ā /aː/ | ||||