Jualio: Difference between revisions

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|}
|}


====First Person====
====Simple Nominals====
=====First Person=====
First person nominals are all definite and animate.
First person nominals are all definite and animate.


::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| || ICS Sg. || ICS. Pl. || ACS Sg. || ACS. Pl.
| || Singular<br />Accessible || Singular<br />Inaccessible || Plural<br />Accessible || Plural<br />Inaccessible
|-
|-
| Nominative || '''nu''' || '''inu''' || '''na''' || '''ina'''
| Subjective || '''na''' || '''nu''' || '''ina''' || '''inu'''
|-
|-
| Accusative || '''ni''' || '''ini''' || '''ne''' || '''ine'''
| Objective || '''ne''' || '''ni''' || '''ine''' || '''ini'''
|-
|-
| Dative || '''eni''' || '''ieni''' || '''ene''' || '''iene'''
| Topical || '''ene''' || '''eni''' || '''eine''' || '''eini'''
|-
|-
| Ablative || '''nui''' || '''inui''' || '''nai''' || '''inai'''
| Genitive || '''une''' || '''uni''' || '''uine''' || '''uini'''
|-
|-
| Locative || '''nua''' || '''inua''' || '''ana''' || '''iana'''
| Possessive || '''una''' || '''unu''' || '''uina''' || '''uinu'''
|-
|-
| Genitive || '''uni''' || '''iuni''' || '''une''' || '''iune'''
| Allative || '''hune''' || '''huni''' || '''huine''' || '''huini'''
|-
|-
| Possessive || '''unu''' || '''iunu''' || '''una''' || '''iuna'''
| Ablative || '''nai''' || '''nui''' || '''inai''' || '''inui'''
|-
|-
| Vocative || '''enu''' || '''einu''' || '''ena''' || '''eina'''  
| Locative || '''ana''' || '''nua''' || '''aina''' || '''inua'''
|-
|-
| Causal || '''teni''' || '''teini''' || '''tene''' || '''teine'''
| Vocative || '''ena''' || '''enu''' || '''eina''' || '''einu'''  
|-
|-
| Benefactive || '''kuani''' || '''kuaini''' || '''kuane''' || '''kuaine'''  
| Causal || '''tene''' || '''teni''' || '''teine''' || '''teini'''
|-
|-
| Instrumental || '''ani''' || '''aini''' || '''ane''' || '''aine'''
| Benefactive || '''kuane''' || '''kuani''' || '''kuaine''' || '''kuaini'''  
|-
|-
| Comitative || '''leni''' || '''leini''' || '''lene''' || '''leine'''
| Instrumental || '''ane''' || '''ani''' || '''aine''' || '''aini'''
|-
|-
| Topical || '''veni''' || '''veini''' || '''vene''' || '''veine'''
| Comitative || '''lene''' || '''leni''' || '''leine''' || '''leini'''
|-
|-
| Essive || '''onu''' || '''oinu''' || '''ona''' || '''oina'''  
| Essive || '''ona''' || '''onu''' || '''oina''' || '''oinu'''
|-
| Abessive || '''xuane''' || '''xuani''' || '''xuaine''' || '''xuaini'''  
|}
|}


Line 221: Line 224:
::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| || ICS.SG || ICS:PL || ACS.SG || ACS.PL
| || Singular<br />Accessible || Singular<br />Inaccessible || Plural<br />Accessible || Plural<br />Inaccessible
|-
| Subjective || '''ua''' || '''vu''' || '''iua''' || '''ivu'''
|-
|-
| Nominative || '''vu''' || '''ivu''' || '''ua''' || '''iua'''
| Objective || '''ue''' || '''ui''' || '''iue''' || '''iui'''
|-
|-
| Accusative || '''ui''' || '''iui''' || '''ue''' || '''iue'''
| Topical || '''eue''' || '''eui''' || '''eiue''' || '''eiui'''
|-
|-
| Dative || '''eui''' || '''ieui''' || '''eue''' || '''ieue'''
| Genitive || '''uue''' || '''uue''' || '''uiue''' || '''uiui'''
|-
|-
| Ablative || '''vui''' || '''ivui''' || '''uai''' || '''iuai'''
| Possessive || '''uua''' || '''uvu''' || '''uiua''' || '''uivu'''
|-
|-
| Locative || '''vua''' || '''ivua''' || '''aua''' || '''iaua'''
| Allative || '''huue''' || '''huui''' || '''huiue''' || '''huiui'''
|-
|-
| Genitive || '''uui''' || '''iuui''' || '''uue''' || '''iuue'''
| Ablative || '''uai''' || '''vui''' || '''iuai''' || '''ivui'''  
|-
|-
| Possessive || '''uvu''' || '''iuvu''' || '''uua''' || '''iuua'''
| Locative || '''aua''' || '''vua''' || '''aiua''' || '''ivua'''  
|-
|-
| Vocative || '''evu''' || '''eivu''' || '''eua''' || '''eiua'''  
| Vocative || '''eua''' || '''evu''' || '''eiua''' || '''eivu'''  
|-
|-
| Causal || '''teui''' || '''teiui''' || '''teue''' || '''teiue'''
| Causal || '''teue''' || '''teui''' || '''teiue''' || '''teiui'''
|-
|-
| Benefactive || '''kuaui''' || '''kuaiui''' || '''kuaue''' || '''kuaiue'''  
| Benefactive || '''kuaue''' || '''kuaui''' || '''kuaiue''' || '''kuaiui'''  
|-
|-
| Instrumental || '''aui''' || '''aiui''' || '''aue''' || '''aiue'''
| Instrumental || '''aue''' || '''aui''' || '''aiue''' || '''aiui'''
|-
|-
| Comitative || '''leui''' || '''leiui''' || '''leue''' || '''leiue'''
| Comitative || '''leue''' || '''leui''' || '''leiue''' || '''leiui'''
|-
|-
| Topical || '''veui''' || '''veiui''' || '''veue''' || '''veiue'''
| Essive || '''oua''' || '''ovu''' || '''oiua''' || '''oivu'''
|-
|-
| Essive || '''ovu''' || '''oivu''' || '''oua''' || '''oiua'''  
| Abessive || '''xuaue''' || '''xuaui''' || '''xuaiue''' || '''xuaiui'''  
|}
|}


=====Third Person Animate=====
::'''Definite'''
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
| || Singular<br />Accessible || Singular<br />Inaccessible || Plural<br />Accessible || Plural<br />Inaccessible
|-
| Subjective || '''ja''' || '''ju''' || '''ija''' || '''iju'''
|-
| Objective || '''je''' || '''ji''' || '''ije''' || '''iji'''
|-
| Topical || '''eje''' || '''eji''' || '''eije''' || '''eiji'''
|-
| Genitive || '''uje''' || '''uji''' || '''uije''' || '''uiji'''
|-
| Possessive || '''uja''' || '''uju''' || '''uija''' || '''uiju'''
|-
| Allative || '''huje''' || '''huji''' || '''huije''' || '''huiji'''
|-
| Ablative || '''jai''' || '''jui''' || '''ijai''' || '''ijui'''
|-
| Locative || '''aja''' || '''jua''' || '''aija''' || '''ijua'''
|-
| Vocative || '''eja''' || '''eju''' || '''eija''' || '''eiju'''
|-
| Causal || '''teje''' || '''teji''' || '''teije''' || '''teiji'''
|-
| Benefactive || '''kuaje''' || '''kuaji''' || '''kuaije''' || '''kuaiji'''
|-
| Instrumental || '''aje''' || '''aji''' || '''aije''' || '''aiji'''
|-
| Comitative || '''leje''' || '''leji''' || '''leije''' || '''leiji'''
|-
| Essive ||  '''oja''' || '''oju''' || '''oija''' || '''oiju'''
|-
| Abessive || '''xuaje''' || '''xuaji''' || '''xuaije''' || '''xuaiji'''
|}
::'''Indefinite, Specific'''
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
| || Singular<br />Accessible || Singular<br />Inaccessible || Plural<br />Accessible || Plural<br />Inaccessible
|-
| Subjective || '''ma''' || '''mu''' || '''ima''' || '''imu'''
|-
| Objective || '''me''' || '''mi''' || '''ime''' || '''imi'''
|-
| Topical || '''eme''' || '''emi''' || '''eime''' || '''eimi'''
|-
| Genitive || '''ume''' || '''umi''' || '''uime''' || '''uimi'''
|-
| Possessive || '''uma''' || '''umu''' || '''uima''' || '''uimu'''
|-
| Allative || '''hume''' || '''humi''' || '''huime''' || '''huimi'''
|-
| Ablative || '''mai''' || '''mui''' || '''imai''' || '''imui'''
|-
| Locative || '''ama''' || '''mua''' || '''aima''' || '''imua'''
|-
| Vocative || '''ema''' || '''emu''' || '''eima''' || '''eimu'''
|-
| Causal || '''teme''' || '''temi''' || '''teime''' || '''teimi'''
|-
| Benefactive || '''kuame''' || '''kuami''' || '''kuaime''' || '''kuaimi'''
|-
| Instrumental || '''ame''' || '''ami''' || '''aime''' || '''aimi'''
|-
| Comitative || '''leme''' || '''lemi''' || '''leime''' || '''leimi'''
|-
| Essive ||  '''oma''' || '''omu''' || '''oima''' || '''oimu'''
|-
| Abessive || '''xuame''' || '''xuami''' || '''xuaime''' || '''xuaimi'''
|}
::'''Indefinite, Non-Specific (General)'''
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
| || Singular || Plural
|-
| Subjective || '''u''' || '''iu'''
|-
| Objective || '''i''' || '''iri'''
|-
| Topical || '''eri''' || '''eiri'''
|-
| Genitive || '''uri''' || '''uiri'''
|-
| Possessive || '''uru''' || '''uiu'''
|-
| Allative || '''hui''' || '''huiri'''
|-
| Ablative || '''ui''' || '''iui'''
|-
| Locative || '''aru''' || '''aiu'''
|-
| Vocative || '''eru''' || '''eiu'''
|-
| Causal || '''teri''' || '''teiri'''
|-
| Benefactive || '''kuari''' || '''kuairi'''
|-
| Instrumental || '''ari''' || '''airi'''
|-
| Comitative || '''leri''' || '''leiri'''
|-
| Essive ||  '''oru''' || '''oiu'''
|-
| Abessive || '''xuari''' || '''xuairi'''
|}
=====Third Person Inanimate=====
::'''Definite'''
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
| || Singular<br />Unmarked || Singular<br />Dangerous || Plural<br />Unmarked || Plural<br />Dangerous
|-
| Subjective || '''xu''' || '''bu''' || '''ixu''' || '''ibu'''
|-
| Objective || '''xi''' || '''biu''' || '''ixi''' || '''ibiu'''
|-
| Topical || '''exi''' || '''ebiu''' || '''eixi''' || '''eibiu'''
|-
| Genitive || '''uxi''' || '''ubiu''' || '''uixi''' || '''uibiu'''
|-
| Possessive || '''uxu''' || '''ubu''' || '''uixu''' || '''uibu'''
|-
| Allative || '''huxi''' || '''hubiu''' || '''huixi''' || '''huibiu'''
|-
| Ablative || '''xui''' || '''bui''' || '''ixui''' || '''ibui'''
|-
| Locative || '''xua''' || '''bua''' || '''ixua''' || '''ibua'''
|-
| Vocative || '''exu''' || '''ebu''' || '''eixu''' || '''eibu'''
|-
| Causal || '''texi''' || '''tebiu''' || '''teixi''' || '''teibiu'''
|-
| Benefactive || '''kuaxi''' || '''kuabiu''' || '''kuaixi''' || '''kuaibiu'''
|-
| Instrumental || '''axi''' || '''abiu''' || '''aixi''' || '''aibiu'''
|-
| Comitative || '''lexi''' || '''lebiu''' || '''leixi''' || '''leibiu'''
|-
| Essive ||  '''oxu''' || '''obu''' || '''oixu''' || '''oibu'''
|-
| Abessive || '''xuaxi''' || '''xuabiu''' || '''xuaixi''' || '''xuaibiu'''
|}
::'''Indefinite, Specific'''
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
| || Singular<br />Unmarked || Singular<br />Dangerous || Plural<br />Unmarked || Plural<br />Dangerous
|-
| Subjective || '''zu''' || '''tu''' || '''izu''' || '''itu'''
|-
| Objective || '''zi''' || '''tiu''' || '''izi''' || '''itiu'''
|-
| Topical || '''ezi''' || '''etiu''' || '''eizi''' || '''eitiu'''
|-
| Genitive || '''uzi''' || '''utiu''' || '''uizi''' || '''uitiu'''
|-
| Possessive || '''uzu''' || '''utu''' || '''uizu''' || '''uitu'''
|-
| Allative || '''huzi''' || '''hutiu''' || '''huizi''' || '''huitiu'''
|-
| Ablative || '''zui''' || '''tui''' || '''izui''' || '''itui'''
|-
| Locative || '''zua''' || '''tua''' || '''izua''' || '''itua'''
|-
| Vocative || '''ezu''' || '''etu''' || '''eizu''' || '''eitu'''
|-
| Causal || '''tezi''' || '''tetiu''' || '''teizi''' || '''teitiu'''
|-
| Benefactive || '''kuazi''' || '''kuatiu''' || '''kuaizi''' || '''kuaitiu'''
|-
| Instrumental || '''azi''' || '''atiu''' || '''aizi''' || '''aitiu'''
|-
| Comitative || '''lezi''' || '''letiu''' || '''leizi''' || '''leitiu'''
|-
| Essive ||  '''ozu''' || '''otu''' || '''oizu''' || '''oitu'''
|-
| Abessive || '''xuazi''' || '''xuatiu''' || '''xuaizi''' || '''xuaitiu'''
|}
::'''Indefinite, Non-Specific (General)'''
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
| || Singular<br />Unmarked || Singular<br />Dangerous || Plural<br />Unmarked || Plural<br />Dangerous
|-
| Subjective || '''a''' || '''au''' || '''ia''' || '''iau'''
|-
| Objective || '''e''' || '''eu''' || '''ie''' || '''ieu'''
|-
| Topical || '''ere''' || '''eu''' || '''eie''' || '''eieu'''
|-
| Genitive || '''ure''' || '''ureu''' || '''uie''' || '''uieu'''
|-
| Possessive || '''ura''' || '''urau''' || '''uia''' || '''uiau'''
|-
| Allative || '''hue''' || '''hueu''' || '''huie''' || '''huieu'''
|-
| Ablative || '''ai''' || '''aui''' || '''iai''' || '''iaui'''
|-
| Locative || '''ara''' || '''arau''' || '''aia''' || '''aiau'''
|-
| Vocative || '''era''' || '''erau''' || '''eia''' || '''eiau'''
|-
| Causal || '''tere''' || '''tereu''' || '''teie''' || '''teieu'''
|-
| Benefactive || '''kuare''' || '''kuareu''' || '''kuaie''' || '''kuaieu'''
|-
| Instrumental || '''are''' || '''areu''' || '''aie''' || '''aieu'''
|-
| Comitative || '''lere''' || '''lereu''' || '''leie''' || '''leieu'''
|-
| Essive ||  '''ora''' || '''orau''' || '''oia''' || '''oiau'''
|-
| Abessive || '''xuare''' || '''xuareu''' || '''xuaie''' || '''xuaieu'''
|}
====Compound Nominals====
=====Second Person + First Person (First Person Inclusive)=====
=====Second Person + First Person (First Person Inclusive)=====
First person inclusive nominals are all definite and animate. Because of the combination of first and second persons into a single word, the four stances, ''accessible'', ''inaccessible'', ''dominant'', ''submissive'' are represented within single words.
First person inclusive nominals are all definite and animate. Because of the combination of first and second persons into a single word, the four stances, ''accessible'', ''inaccessible'', ''dominant'', ''submissive'' are represented within single words.
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{| cellpadding="2"
{| cellpadding="2"
||  
||  
|| ICS.DU
|| Dual<br />Inaccessible
|| ACS.DU
|| Dual<br />Accessible
|| DOM.DU
|| Dual<br />Dominant
|| SUB.DU
|| Dual<br />Subordinant
|| ICS.PL
|| Plural<br />Inaccessible
|| ACS.PL
|| Plural<br />Accessible
|| DOM.PL
|| Plural<br />Dominant
|| SUB.PL
|| Plural<br />Subordinant
|-
|-
|| Nominative
|| Subjective
| style="font-weight:bold;" | vunu
| style="font-weight:bold;" | vunu
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uana
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uana
Line 276: Line 499:
| style="font-weight:bold;" | ivuna
| style="font-weight:bold;" | ivuna
|-
|-
|| Accusative
|| Objective
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uini
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uini
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uene
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uene
Line 286: Line 509:
| style="font-weight:bold;" | iuine
| style="font-weight:bold;" | iuine
|-
|-
|| Dative
|| Topical
| style="font-weight:bold;" | euini
| style="font-weight:bold;" | euini
| style="font-weight:bold;" | euene
| style="font-weight:bold;" | euene
| style="font-weight:bold;" | eueni
| style="font-weight:bold;" | eueni
| style="font-weight:bold;" | euine
| style="font-weight:bold;" | euine
| style="font-weight:bold;" | ieuini
| style="font-weight:bold;" | eiuini
| style="font-weight:bold;" | ieuene
| style="font-weight:bold;" | eiuene
| style="font-weight:bold;" | ieueni
| style="font-weight:bold;" | eiueni
| style="font-weight:bold;" | ieuine
| style="font-weight:bold;" | eiuine
|-
|| Genitive
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uuini
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uuene
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uueni
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uuine
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uiuini
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uiuene
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uiueni
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uiuine
|-
|| Possessive
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uvunu
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uuana
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uuanu
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uvuna
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uivunu
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uiuana
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uiuanu
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uivuna
|-
|| Allative
| style="font-weight:bold;" | huuini
| style="font-weight:bold;" | huuene
| style="font-weight:bold;" | huueni
| style="font-weight:bold;" | huuine
| style="font-weight:bold;" | huiuini
| style="font-weight:bold;" | huiuene
| style="font-weight:bold;" | huiueni
| style="font-weight:bold;" | huiuine
|-
|-
|| Ablative
|| Ablative
Line 312: Line 565:
| style="font-weight:bold;" | vuana
| style="font-weight:bold;" | vuana
| style="font-weight:bold;" | ivuanua
| style="font-weight:bold;" | ivuanua
| style="font-weight:bold;" | iauana
| style="font-weight:bold;" | aiuana
| style="font-weight:bold;" | iauanua
| style="font-weight:bold;" | aiuanua
| style="font-weight:bold;" | ivuana
| style="font-weight:bold;" | ivuana
|-
|| Genitive
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uuini
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uuene
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uueni
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uuine
| style="font-weight:bold;" | iuuini
| style="font-weight:bold;" | iuuene
| style="font-weight:bold;" | iuueni
| style="font-weight:bold;" | iuuine
|-
|| Possessive
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uvunu
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uuana
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uuanu
| style="font-weight:bold;" | uvuna
| style="font-weight:bold;" | iuvunu
| style="font-weight:bold;" | iuuana
| style="font-weight:bold;" | iuuanu
| style="font-weight:bold;" | iuvuna
|-
|-
|| Vocative
|| Vocative
Line 385: Line 618:
| style="font-weight:bold;" | leiueni
| style="font-weight:bold;" | leiueni
| style="font-weight:bold;" | leiuine
| style="font-weight:bold;" | leiuine
|-
|| Topical
| style="font-weight:bold;" | veuini
| style="font-weight:bold;" | veuene
| style="font-weight:bold;" | veueni
| style="font-weight:bold;" | veuine
| style="font-weight:bold;" | veiuini
| style="font-weight:bold;" | veiuene
| style="font-weight:bold;" | veiueni
| style="font-weight:bold;" | veiuine
|-
|-
|| Essive
|| Essive
Line 405: Line 628:
| style="font-weight:bold;" | oiuanu
| style="font-weight:bold;" | oiuanu
| style="font-weight:bold;" | oivuna
| style="font-weight:bold;" | oivuna
|}
=====Third Person=====
::'''Definite'''
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| || ICS Sg. || ICS. Pl. || ACS Sg. || ACS. Pl. || Inan. Sg. || Inan. Pl.
|| Abessive
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | veuini
| Nominative || '''ju''' || '''iju''' || '''ja''' || '''ija''' || '''xu''' || '''ixu'''
| style="font-weight:bold;" | veuene
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | veueni
| Accusative || '''ji''' || '''iji''' || '''je''' || '''ije''' || '''xi''' || '''ixi'''
| style="font-weight:bold;" | veuine
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | veiuini
| Dative || '''eji''' || '''ieji''' || '''eje''' || '''ieje''' || '''exi''' || '''iexi'''
| style="font-weight:bold;" | veiuene
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | veiueni
| Ablative || '''jui''' || '''ijui''' || '''jai''' || '''ijai''' || '''xui''' || '''ixui'''
| style="font-weight:bold;" | veiuine
|-
| Locative || '''jua''' || '''ijua''' || '''aja''' || '''iaja''' || '''xua''' || '''ixua'''
|-
| Genitive || '''uji''' || '''iuji''' || '''uje''' || '''iuje''' || '''uxi''' || '''iuxi'''
|-
| Possessive || '''uju''' || '''iuju''' || '''uja''' || '''iuja''' || '''*uxu''' || '''*iuxu'''
|-
| Vocative || '''eju''' || '''eiju''' || '''eja''' || '''eija''' || '''exu''' || '''eixu'''
|-
| Causal || '''teji''' || '''teiji''' || '''teje''' || '''teije''' || '''texi''' || '''teixi'''
|-
| Benefactive || '''kuaji''' || '''kuaiji''' || '''kuaje''' || '''kuaije''' || '''kuaxi''' || '''kuaixi'''
|-
| Instrumental || '''aji''' || '''aiji''' || '''aje''' || '''aije''' || '''axi''' || '''aixi'''
|-
| Comitative || '''leji''' || '''leiji''' || '''leje''' || '''leije''' || '''lexi''' || '''leixi'''
|-
| Topical || '''veji''' || '''veiji''' || '''veje''' || '''veije''' || '''vexi''' || '''veixi'''
|-
| Essive ||  '''oju''' || '''oiju''' || '''oja''' || '''oija''' || '''oxu''' || '''oixu''' 
|}
|}
: *rare, theoretical


::'''Indefinite, Specific'''
====Complementisers====
::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| || ICS Sg. || ICS. Pl. || ACS Sg. || ACS. Pl. || Inan. Sg. || Inan. Pl.
| ||"that" || rough translation || "the time that" || rough translation
|-
|-
| Nominative || '''mu''' || '''imu''' || '''ma''' || '''ima''' || '''zu''' || '''izu'''
| Subjective || '''zuo''' || 'that' || '''kuo''' || 'the time when'
|-
|-
| Accusative || '''mi''' || '''imi''' || '''me''' || '''ime''' || '''zi''' || '''izi'''
| Objective || '''jo''' || 'that'; || '''kio''' || 'the time when'
|-
|-
| Dative || '''emi''' || '''iemi''' || '''eme''' || '''ieme''' || '''ezi''' || '''iezi'''
| Topical || '''ejo''' || 'about the fact that' || '''ekio''' || 'about the time when'
|-
|-
| Ablative || '''mui''' || '''imui''' || '''mai''' || '''imai''' || '''zui''' || '''izui'''
| Genitive || '''ujo''' ||  || '''ukio''' ||
|-
| Locative || '''mua''' || '''imua''' || '''ama''' || '''iama''' || '''zua''' || '''izua'''
|-
| Genitive || '''umi''' || '''iumi''' || '''ume''' || '''iume''' || '''uzi''' || '''iuzi'''
|-
| Possessive || '''umu''' || '''iumu''' || '''uma''' || '''iuma''' || '''*uzu''' || '''*iuzu'''
|-
| Vocative || '''emu''' || '''eimu''' || '''ema''' || '''eima''' || '''ezu''' || '''eizu'''
|-
| Causal || '''temi''' || '''teimi''' || '''teme''' || '''teime''' || '''tezi''' || '''teizi'''
|-
| Benefactive || '''kuami''' || '''kuaimi''' || '''kuame''' || '''kuaime''' || '''kuazi''' || '''kuaizi'''
|-
| Instrumental || '''ami''' || '''aimi''' || '''ame''' || '''aime''' || '''azi''' || '''aizi'''
|-
| Comitative || '''lemi''' || '''leimi''' || '''leme''' || '''leime''' || '''lezi''' || '''leizi'''
|-
| Topical || '''vemi''' || '''veimi''' || '''veme''' || '''veime''' || '''vezi''' || '''veizi'''
|-
| Essive ||  '''omu''' || '''oimu''' || '''oma''' || '''oima''' || '''ozu''' || '''oizu''' 
|}
: *rare, theoretical
 
::'''Indefinite, Non-Specific (General)'''
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
| || ANIM Sg. || ANIM Pl. || INAN Sg. || INAN Pl.
|-
| Nominative || '''u''' || '''iu''' || '''a''' || '''ia'''
|-
| Accusative || '''i''' || '''iri''' || '''e''' || '''ie'''
|-
| Dative || '''eri''' || '''ieri''' || '''ere''' || '''iere'''
|-
| Ablative || '''ui''' || '''iui''' || '''ai''' || '''iai'''
|-
| Locative || '''aru''' || '''iaru''' || '''ara''' || '''iara'''
|-
| Genitive || '''uri''' || '''iuri''' || '''ure''' || '''iure'''
|-
| Possessive || '''uru''' || '''iuru''' || '''ura'''* || '''iura'''*
|-
| Vocative || '''eru''' || '''eiu''' || '''era''' || '''eia'''
|-
| Causal || '''teri''' || '''teiri''' || '''tere''' || '''teie'''
|-
| Benefactive || '''kuari''' || '''kuairi''' || '''kuare''' || '''kuaie'''
|-
| Instrumental || '''ari''' || '''airi''' || '''are''' || '''aie'''
|-
| Comitative || '''leri''' || '''leiri''' || '''lere''' || '''leie'''
|-
| Topical || '''veri''' || '''veiri''' || '''vere''' || '''veie'''
|-
| Essive ||  '''oru''' || '''oiu''' || '''ora''' || '''oia'''
|}
: *rare, theoretical
 
=====Complementisers=====
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
| ||"that" || rough translation || "the time that" || rough translation
|-
| Nominative || '''zuo''' || 'that' || '''kuo''' || 'the time when'
|-
|-
| Accusative || '''jo''' || 'that' || '''kio''' || 'the time when'
| Possessive || '''uzuo''' || || '''ukuo''' ||  
|-
|-
| Dative || '''ejo''' || 'to the place where' || '''ekio''' || 'until'
| Allative || '''hujo''' || 'to the place where' || '''hukio''' || 'until'
|-
|-
| Ablative || '''zuio''' || 'from the place where' || '''kuio''' || 'since', 'after'
| Ablative || '''zuio''' || 'from the place where' || '''kuio''' || 'since', 'after'
|-
|-
| Locative || '''azuo''' || 'in the place where' || '''akuo''' || 'when'   
| Locative || '''azuo''' || 'in the place where' || '''akuo''' || 'when'   
|-
| Genitive || '''ujo''' ||  || '''ukio''' ||
|-
| Possessive || *'''uzuo''' ||  || *'''ukuo''' ||
|-
|-
| Vocative || '''ezuo''' || 'if only' || '''ekuo''' ||  
| Vocative || '''ezuo''' || 'if only' || '''ekuo''' ||  
Line 542: Line 671:
| Comitative || '''lejo''' || 'while' || '''lekio''' ||
| Comitative || '''lejo''' || 'while' || '''lekio''' ||
|-
|-
| Topical || '''vejo''' || 'about V-ing' || '''vekio''' || 'about the time when'
| Essive || '''ozuo''' || 'like' || '''okuo''' ||
|-
|-
| Essive || '''ozuo''' || 'like' || '''okuo''' ||
| Abessive || '''xuajo''' || 'without V-ing' || '''xuakio''' ||
|}
|}
::<nowiki>*</nowiki> theoretical

Revision as of 23:59, 25 February 2022

Jualio
jualio
Pronunciation[ʒwàʎó]
Created byImralu
Date2022
Native speakersunknown ({{{date}}})
Presumed language isolate
  • Jualio
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Nominal Tables

Here is the entire set of nominals in the nominative case. The demonstrative forms given here can be analysed as contractions of nominals with the demonstrative verbals tie, tia and tio and in some varieties of Iliaqu, other nominals can also be combined with demonstratives. For more information and tables of the demonstrative forms, see the section on demonstratives.

Simple pronominals:
Animate: singular plural
accessible inaccessible accessible inaccessible
1st person definite na nu ina inu
2nd person definite ua vu iua ivu
3rd person definite ja ju ija iju
specific ma mu ima imu
generic u iu
Inanimate: singular plural
neutral dangerous neutral dangerous
3rd person definite xu bu ixu ibu
specific zu tu izu itu
inanimate generic a au ia iau
Demonstrative pronominals:
Animate: singular plural
accessible inaccessible accessible inaccessible
3rd person
definite 		proximate jaie juue ijaie ijuue
medial jaia juua ijaia ijuua
distal jaio juuo ijaio ijuuo
Inanimate: singular plural
neutral dangerous neutral dangerous
3rd person
definite 		proximate xuue buue ixuue ibuue
medial xuua buua ixuua ibuua
distal xuuo buuo ixuuo ibuuo
Compound pronominals:
Animate: accessible inaccessible dominant subordinate
2nd + 1st person dual uana vunu uanu vuna
plural iuana ivunu iuanu ivuna
Complementisers:
temporal non-temporal
kuo zuo

Simple Nominals

First Person

First person nominals are all definite and animate.

Singular
Accessible		 Singular
Inaccessible		 Plural
Accessible		 Plural
Inaccessible
Subjective na nu ina inu
Objective ne ni ine ini
Topical ene eni eine eini
Genitive une uni uine uini
Possessive una unu uina uinu
Allative hune huni huine huini
Ablative nai nui inai inui
Locative ana nua aina inua
Vocative ena enu eina einu
Causal tene teni teine teini
Benefactive kuane kuani kuaine kuaini
Instrumental ane ani aine aini
Comitative lene leni leine leini
Essive ona onu oina oinu
Abessive xuane xuani xuaine xuaini
Second Person

Second person nominals are all definite and animate.

Singular
Accessible		 Singular
Inaccessible		 Plural
Accessible		 Plural
Inaccessible
Subjective ua vu iua ivu
Objective ue ui iue iui
Topical eue eui eiue eiui
Genitive uue uue uiue uiui
Possessive uua uvu uiua uivu
Allative huue huui huiue huiui
Ablative uai vui iuai ivui
Locative aua vua aiua ivua
Vocative eua evu eiua eivu
Causal teue teui teiue teiui
Benefactive kuaue kuaui kuaiue kuaiui
Instrumental aue aui aiue aiui
Comitative leue leui leiue leiui
Essive oua ovu oiua oivu
Abessive xuaue xuaui xuaiue xuaiui
Third Person Animate
Definite
Singular
Accessible		 Singular
Inaccessible		 Plural
Accessible		 Plural
Inaccessible
Subjective ja ju ija iju
Objective je ji ije iji
Topical eje eji eije eiji
Genitive uje uji uije uiji
Possessive uja uju uija uiju
Allative huje huji huije huiji
Ablative jai jui ijai ijui
Locative aja jua aija ijua
Vocative eja eju eija eiju
Causal teje teji teije teiji
Benefactive kuaje kuaji kuaije kuaiji
Instrumental aje aji aije aiji
Comitative leje leji leije leiji
Essive oja oju oija oiju
Abessive xuaje xuaji xuaije xuaiji
Indefinite, Specific
Singular
Accessible		 Singular
Inaccessible		 Plural
Accessible		 Plural
Inaccessible
Subjective ma mu ima imu
Objective me mi ime imi
Topical eme emi eime eimi
Genitive ume umi uime uimi
Possessive uma umu uima uimu
Allative hume humi huime huimi
Ablative mai mui imai imui
Locative ama mua aima imua
Vocative ema emu eima eimu
Causal teme temi teime teimi
Benefactive kuame kuami kuaime kuaimi
Instrumental ame ami aime aimi
Comitative leme lemi leime leimi
Essive oma omu oima oimu
Abessive xuame xuami xuaime xuaimi
Indefinite, Non-Specific (General)
Singular Plural
Subjective u iu
Objective i iri
Topical eri eiri
Genitive uri uiri
Possessive uru uiu
Allative hui huiri
Ablative ui iui
Locative aru aiu
Vocative eru eiu
Causal teri teiri
Benefactive kuari kuairi
Instrumental ari airi
Comitative leri leiri
Essive oru oiu
Abessive xuari xuairi
Third Person Inanimate
Definite
Singular
Unmarked		 Singular
Dangerous		 Plural
Unmarked		 Plural
Dangerous
Subjective xu bu ixu ibu
Objective xi biu ixi ibiu
Topical exi ebiu eixi eibiu
Genitive uxi ubiu uixi uibiu
Possessive uxu ubu uixu uibu
Allative huxi hubiu huixi huibiu
Ablative xui bui ixui ibui
Locative xua bua ixua ibua
Vocative exu ebu eixu eibu
Causal texi tebiu teixi teibiu
Benefactive kuaxi kuabiu kuaixi kuaibiu
Instrumental axi abiu aixi aibiu
Comitative lexi lebiu leixi leibiu
Essive oxu obu oixu oibu
Abessive xuaxi xuabiu xuaixi xuaibiu
Indefinite, Specific
Singular
Unmarked		 Singular
Dangerous		 Plural
Unmarked		 Plural
Dangerous
Subjective zu tu izu itu
Objective zi tiu izi itiu
Topical ezi etiu eizi eitiu
Genitive uzi utiu uizi uitiu
Possessive uzu utu uizu uitu
Allative huzi hutiu huizi huitiu
Ablative zui tui izui itui
Locative zua tua izua itua
Vocative ezu etu eizu eitu
Causal tezi tetiu teizi teitiu
Benefactive kuazi kuatiu kuaizi kuaitiu
Instrumental azi atiu aizi aitiu
Comitative lezi letiu leizi leitiu
Essive ozu otu oizu oitu
Abessive xuazi xuatiu xuaizi xuaitiu
Indefinite, Non-Specific (General)
Singular
Unmarked		 Singular
Dangerous		 Plural
Unmarked		 Plural
Dangerous
Subjective a au ia iau
Objective e eu ie ieu
Topical ere eu eie eieu
Genitive ure ureu uie uieu
Possessive ura urau uia uiau
Allative hue hueu huie huieu
Ablative ai aui iai iaui
Locative ara arau aia aiau
Vocative era erau eia eiau
Causal tere tereu teie teieu
Benefactive kuare kuareu kuaie kuaieu
Instrumental are areu aie aieu
Comitative lere lereu leie leieu
Essive ora orau oia oiau
Abessive xuare xuareu xuaie xuaieu

Compound Nominals

Second Person + First Person (First Person Inclusive)

First person inclusive nominals are all definite and animate. Because of the combination of first and second persons into a single word, the four stances, accessible, inaccessible, dominant, submissive are represented within single words.

Dual
Inaccessible 		Dual
Accessible 		Dual
Dominant 		Dual
Subordinant 		Plural
Inaccessible 		Plural
Accessible 		Plural
Dominant 		Plural
Subordinant
Subjective vunu uana uanu vuna ivunu iuana iuanu ivuna
Objective uini uene ueni uine iuini iuene iueni iuine
Topical euini euene eueni euine eiuini eiuene eiueni eiuine
Genitive uuini uuene uueni uuine uiuini uiuene uiueni uiuine
Possessive uvunu uuana uuanu uvuna uivunu uiuana uiuanu uivuna
Allative huuini huuene huueni huuine huiuini huiuene huiueni huiuine
Ablative vuinui uainai uainui vuinai ivuinui iuainai iuainui ivuinai
Locative vuanua auana auanua vuana ivuanua aiuana aiuanua ivuana
Vocative evunu euana euanu evuna eivunu eiuana eiuanu eivuna
Causal teuini teuene teueni teuine teiuini teiuene teiueni teiuine
Benefactive kuauini kuauene kuaueni kuauine kuaiuini kuaiuene kuaiueni kuaiuine
Instrumental auini auene aueni auine aiuini aiuene aiueni aiuine
Comitative leuini leuene leueni leuine leiuini leiuene leiueni leiuine
Essive ovunu ouana ouanu ovuna oivunu oiuana oiuanu oivuna
Abessive veuini veuene veueni veuine veiuini veiuene veiueni veiuine

Complementisers

"that" rough translation "the time that" rough translation
Subjective zuo 'that' kuo 'the time when'
Objective jo 'that'; kio 'the time when'
Topical ejo 'about the fact that' ekio 'about the time when'
Genitive ujo ukio
Possessive uzuo ukuo
Allative hujo 'to the place where' hukio 'until'
Ablative zuio 'from the place where' kuio 'since', 'after'
Locative azuo 'in the place where' akuo 'when'
Vocative ezuo 'if only' ekuo
Causal tejo 'because' tekio
Benefactive kuajo 'so that' kuakio 'in case'
Instrumental ajo 'by V-ing' akio
Comitative lejo 'while' lekio
Essive ozuo 'like' okuo
Abessive xuajo 'without V-ing' xuakio
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