Verse talk:Danterlokhan/Even when issues arise: Difference between revisions
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===Morphology=== | ===Morphology=== | ||
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | ||
====Nouns==== | ====Nouns==== | ||
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====Adjectives==== | ====Adjectives==== | ||
Adjectives are either in native form or derived. In the case of latter, the suffix /-la/ is used to derive an adjective from a noun. | Adjectives are either in native form or derived. In the case of latter, the suffix /-la/ is used to derive an adjective from a noun. | ||
Adjectives either precede or follow the noun. If the adjective has /-la/ suffix, it must precede the noun; otherwise it must follow the noun. | Adjectives either precede or follow the noun. If the adjective has /-la/ suffix, it must precede the noun; otherwise it must follow the noun. For noun phrases, | ||
====Verbs==== | ====Verbs==== | ||
Adverbs | The verb generally takes this form: | ||
Particles | {| class="wikitable" | ||
Derivational morphology | |- | ||
| root || /ra/ || tense || transitivity | |||
|} | |||
Verbs are either transitive (marked by /-o/)or intransitive (marked by /-a/). | |||
The tenses are perfect, aorist, present, future I and future II. Future I marks a future action that will happen regardless of the situation. Future II is used to mark a future action that the actor decided to do because of current situation. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Tense !! English !! National Simphonian | |||
|- | |||
| Perfect || I ate. || Yearado. | |||
|- | |||
| Aorist || I was eating. || Yearago. | |||
|- | |||
| Present || I am eating. || Yearaso. | |||
|- | |||
| Future I || I will eat. || Yearalo. | |||
|- | |||
| Future II || I WILL eat. || Yearayo. | |||
|} | |||
====Adverbs==== | |||
Adverbs follow the verb and use the suffix /-lne/. The same marker is used in describing other aspect of verbs. | |||
====Particles==== | |||
Affirmation and Negation: Yes is /jana/ while no is /nega/. They immediately follow the word they describe. In certain situations, they are used to replace other words that would usually be used instead. | |||
====Derivational morphology==== | |||
Revision as of 12:49, 17 February 2015
Background
Phonology
Consonant charts
Pulmonic consonants
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Retroflex | Alveolo-palatal | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Epiglottal | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | ɱ | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||||||
| Plosive | p b | t d | k g | ||||||||||
| Affricate | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | ||||||||||||
| Fricative | f v | θ | s z |
ʃ ʒ | h | ||||||||
| Approximant | j | ||||||||||||
| Trill | r | ||||||||||||
| Flap or tap | ɾ | ||||||||||||
| Lateral fric. | |||||||||||||
| Lateral app. | l | ||||||||||||
| Lateral flap |
Vowel chart
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | ||
| Close | 
| |||||
| Near‑close | ||||||
| Close‑mid | ||||||
| Mid | ||||||
| Open‑mid | ||||||
| Near‑open | ||||||
| Open | ||||||
Phonotactics
While the original vocabulary of National Simphonian comes from Shifer, centuries of use allowed it to borrow words from other languages, thereby ensuring diverse forms of syllables.
Orthography
| Аа | Бб | Вв | Гᴤ | Dd | Ее | Ĕĕ | Жж | Ӡӡ | Θθ | Ии | Йй | DZʤ | Кк | Λλ | |
| a | b | v | g | d | e | yo | zh | z | th | h | i | y | j | k | l |
| Мм | Нн | Оо | Пп | Рр | Сс | Тт | Уу | Хх | Фф | Чч | Шʃ | Ыы | Яя | Ээ | Юю |
| m | n | o | p | r | s | t | u | kh | ph | ch | sh | y | ya | ye | yu |
The table above shows the National Simphonian Alphabet together with the transliteration scheme commonly used. Up until now, there is no official romanization scheme set by the Simphonian Language Body. The letter /y/ is used to stand for both [ɨ] and [j]. In general, which is represented can easily be determined: 1. /y/ represents [ɨ] if it is between two consonants. If [ɨ] is preceded or followed by a vowel, a hyphen is used to separate it from the vowel. 2. /y/ represents [j] if it precedes or follows a vowel.
Grammar
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns are generally not declined, except for marking possession, which varies among dialects of National Simphonian. The possession suffix commonly used is /i/, which is prevalent among Shifer, Waerun, and Kanopher speakers. Numbers
Adjectives
Adjectives are either in native form or derived. In the case of latter, the suffix /-la/ is used to derive an adjective from a noun. Adjectives either precede or follow the noun. If the adjective has /-la/ suffix, it must precede the noun; otherwise it must follow the noun. For noun phrases,
Verbs
The verb generally takes this form:
| root | /ra/ | tense | transitivity |
Verbs are either transitive (marked by /-o/)or intransitive (marked by /-a/). The tenses are perfect, aorist, present, future I and future II. Future I marks a future action that will happen regardless of the situation. Future II is used to mark a future action that the actor decided to do because of current situation.
| Tense | English | National Simphonian |
|---|---|---|
| Perfect | I ate. | Yearado. |
| Aorist | I was eating. | Yearago. |
| Present | I am eating. | Yearaso. |
| Future I | I will eat. | Yearalo. |
| Future II | I WILL eat. | Yearayo. |
Adverbs
Adverbs follow the verb and use the suffix /-lne/. The same marker is used in describing other aspect of verbs.
Particles
Affirmation and Negation: Yes is /jana/ while no is /nega/. They immediately follow the word they describe. In certain situations, they are used to replace other words that would usually be used instead.