Verse talk:Danterlokhan/Even when issues arise: Difference between revisions

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{|
{|
|-
|-
| Аа || Бб || Вв || Гᴤ || Dd || Ее || Ĕĕ || Жж || Ӡӡ || Θθ || Qq || Ии || Йй || DZʤ || Кк || Λλ  
| Аа || Бб || Вв || Гг || Dd || Ее || Ĕĕ || Жж || Ӡӡ || Θθ || Qq || Ии || Йй || DZʤ || Кк || Лл  
|-
|-
|  a ||  b ||  v ||  g ||  d ||  e || yo || zh || z  || th || h  || i  ||  y ||  j ||  k || l  
|  a ||  b ||  v ||  g ||  d ||  e || yo || zh || z  || th || h  || i  ||  y ||  j ||  k || l  
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2. /y/ represents [j] if it precedes or follows a vowel.
2. /y/ represents [j] if it precedes or follows a vowel.


==Grammar==
==Morphology==
===Morphology===
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<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->


====Nouns====
===Nouns===
Nouns are generally not declined, except for marking possession, which varies among dialects of National Simphonian. The possession suffix commonly used is /i/, which is prevalent among Shifer, Waerun, and Kanopher speakers.
Nouns are generally not declined, except for marking possession, which varies among dialects of National Simphonian.  
Numbers
====Possession====
====Adjectives====
Possession is indicated by the particle /du/, which is used to connect the possessor to the possessum. The possessum precedes /du/ and the possessor follows /du/.
====Articles and Numbers====
Nouns are not declined for number, so the noun forms are the same for both singular and plural number. However, there is a set of articles which are used to indicate number. These articles precede the noun.
National Simphonian has a definite article /zom/. This does not only indicate definiteness but also the topic of the sentence. /zom/ has only standard form, but it is also common to see it declined according to number for certain dialects, so it is also used to indicate the number of the noun.
====Case====
Nouns are not declined by case. A set of particles is used instead to indicate case. See the syntax for more details.
===Pronouns===
====Personal Pronouns====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Long form !! Short form !! Value
|-
| gome  || me || 1st person singular
|-
| baten || ba || 2nd person singular
|-
| neiru || ne || 3rd person general, inanimate
|-
| shashin || she || 3rd person animate
|-
| souka || ska || 1st person singular and 2nd person singular
|-
| sono || no || 1st person plural inclusive
|-
| soltha || the || 1st person plural exclusive
|-
| rove || ve || 2nd person plural
|-
| ronche || che || 3rd person plural
|}
 
===Adjectives===
Adjectives are either in native form or derived. In the case of latter, the suffix /-la/ is used to derive an adjective from a noun.
Adjectives are either in native form or derived. In the case of latter, the suffix /-la/ is used to derive an adjective from a noun.
Adjectives either precede or follow the noun. If the adjective has /-la/ suffix, it must precede the noun; otherwise it must follow the noun. For noun phrases,
Adjectives either precede or follow the noun. If the adjective has /-la/ suffix, it must precede the noun; otherwise it must follow the noun.  
====Verbs====
===Numerals===
 
===Verbs===
The verb generally takes this form:
The verb generally takes this form:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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! Tense !! English !! National Simphonian
! Tense !! English !! National Simphonian
|-
|-
| Perfect  || I ate.        || Yearado.
| Perfect  || I ate.        || Yearada.
|-
|-
| Aorist    || I was eating.  || Yearago.
| Aorist    || I was eating.  || Yearaga.
|-
|-
| Present  || I am eating.  || Yearaso.
| Present  || I am eating.  || Yearasa.
|-
|-
| Future I  || I will eat.    || Yearalo.
| Future I  || I will eat.    || Yearala.
|-
|-
| Future II || I WILL eat.    || Yearayo.
| Future II || I WILL eat.    || Yearaya.
|}
|}
====Adverbs====
===Adverbs===
Adverbs follow the verb and use the suffix /-lne/. The same marker is used in describing other aspect of verbs.
Adverbs follow the verb and use the suffix /-lne/. The same marker is used in describing other aspect of verbs.
====Particles====
===Particles===
Affirmation and Negation: Yes is /jana/ while no is /nega/. They immediately follow the word they describe. In certain situations, they are used to replace other words that would usually be used instead.
Affirmation and Negation: Yes is /jana/ while no is /nega/. They immediately follow the word they describe. In certain situations, they are used to replace other words that would usually be used instead.
====Derivational morphology====
===Derivational morphology===
 
==Syntax==
National Simphonian is an ergative-absolutive language.
===Particles, Transitivity, Intransitivity===
Intransitive verbs are marked with /o/ suffix. These verbs take only one subject, and there is no particle needed to mark the subject.
 
'''Yearasa.'''
''I am eating.''
 






===Syntax===


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<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->


[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Revision as of 23:26, 22 June 2015


Background

The National Simphonian is the official language of Stellean Republic of Simphonia. It is based on Northern Shifer Language, but for centuries has evolved to not resemble its original language. It is given the status of sole official language of High Commission of Simphonia, and is included as subject in schools up to secondary education, alongside a native language.

Phonology

Consonant charts

Pulmonic consonants

Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Retroflex Alveolo-palatal Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Epiglottal Glottal
Nasal m ɱ n ɲ ŋ
Plosive p b t d k g
Affricate t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
Fricative f v θ s z
 ʃ ʒ h
Approximant j
Trill r
Flap or tap ɾ
Lateral fric.
Lateral app. l
Lateral flap

Vowel chart

Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close
Blank vowel trapezoid.svg
i
ɨ
u
e
o
ə
ɛ
ɔ
æ
a

/div>

Near‑close
Close‑mid
Mid
Open‑mid
Near‑open
Open


Phonotactics

While the original vocabulary of National Simphonian comes from Shifer, centuries of use allowed it to borrow words from other languages, thereby ensuring diverse forms of syllables.


Orthography

Аа Бб Вв Гг Dd Ее Ĕĕ Жж Ӡӡ Θθ Qq Ии Йй DZʤ Кк Лл
a b v g d e yo zh z th h i y j k l
Мм Нн Оо Пп Рр Сс Тт Уу Хх Фф Чч Шʃ Ыы Яя Ээ Юю
m n o p r s t u kh ph ch sh y ya ye yu

The table above shows the National Simphonian Alphabet together with the transliteration scheme commonly used. Up until now, there is no official romanization scheme set by the Simphonian Language Body. The letter /y/ is used to stand for both [ɨ] and [j]. In general, which is represented can easily be determined: 1. /y/ represents [ɨ] if it is between two consonants. If [ɨ] is preceded or followed by a vowel, a hyphen is used to separate it from the vowel. 2. /y/ represents [j] if it precedes or follows a vowel.

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns are generally not declined, except for marking possession, which varies among dialects of National Simphonian.

Possession

Possession is indicated by the particle /du/, which is used to connect the possessor to the possessum. The possessum precedes /du/ and the possessor follows /du/.

Articles and Numbers

Nouns are not declined for number, so the noun forms are the same for both singular and plural number. However, there is a set of articles which are used to indicate number. These articles precede the noun. National Simphonian has a definite article /zom/. This does not only indicate definiteness but also the topic of the sentence. /zom/ has only standard form, but it is also common to see it declined according to number for certain dialects, so it is also used to indicate the number of the noun.

Case

Nouns are not declined by case. A set of particles is used instead to indicate case. See the syntax for more details.

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Long form Short form Value
gome me 1st person singular
baten ba 2nd person singular
neiru ne 3rd person general, inanimate
shashin she 3rd person animate
souka ska 1st person singular and 2nd person singular
sono no 1st person plural inclusive
soltha the 1st person plural exclusive
rove ve 2nd person plural
ronche che 3rd person plural

Adjectives

Adjectives are either in native form or derived. In the case of latter, the suffix /-la/ is used to derive an adjective from a noun. Adjectives either precede or follow the noun. If the adjective has /-la/ suffix, it must precede the noun; otherwise it must follow the noun.

Numerals

Verbs

The verb generally takes this form:

root /ra/ tense transitivity

Verbs are either transitive (marked by /-o/)or intransitive (marked by /-a/). The tenses are perfect, aorist, present, future I and future II. Future I marks a future action that will happen regardless of the situation. Future II is used to mark a future action that the actor decided to do because of current situation.

Tense English National Simphonian
Perfect I ate. Yearada.
Aorist I was eating. Yearaga.
Present I am eating. Yearasa.
Future I I will eat. Yearala.
Future II I WILL eat. Yearaya.

Adverbs

Adverbs follow the verb and use the suffix /-lne/. The same marker is used in describing other aspect of verbs.

Particles

Affirmation and Negation: Yes is /jana/ while no is /nega/. They immediately follow the word they describe. In certain situations, they are used to replace other words that would usually be used instead.

Derivational morphology

Syntax

National Simphonian is an ergative-absolutive language.

Particles, Transitivity, Intransitivity

Intransitive verbs are marked with /o/ suffix. These verbs take only one subject, and there is no particle needed to mark the subject.

Yearasa. I am eating.

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