User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.8: Difference between revisions
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== Ortography == | == Ortography == | ||
=== Romanization === | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! style="width: 80px;" |Phoneme | |||
! style="width: 80px;" |Grapheme | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2"| Consonants | |||
|- | |||
|m | |||
|m | |||
|- | |||
|n | |||
|n | |||
|- | |||
|p | |||
|p | |||
|- | |||
|t | |||
|t | |||
|- | |||
|k | |||
|k | |||
|- | |||
|f | |||
|f | |||
|- | |||
|β | |||
|b | |||
|- | |||
|s | |||
|s | |||
|- | |||
|ð | |||
|d | |||
|- | |||
|ɣ | |||
|g | |||
|- | |||
|h | |||
|h | |||
|- | |||
|ɾ | |||
|r | |||
|- | |||
|l | |||
|l | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2"| Vowels | |||
|- | |||
|a | |||
|a | |||
|- | |||
|e | |||
|e | |||
|- | |||
|i | |||
|i | |||
|- | |||
|o | |||
|o | |||
|- | |||
|u | |||
|u | |||
|- | |||
|aː | |||
|aa | |||
|- | |||
|eː | |||
|ee | |||
|- | |||
|iː | |||
|ii | |||
|- | |||
|oː | |||
|oo | |||
|- | |||
|uː | |||
|uu | |||
|- | |||
|ə̥ | |||
|' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=== Script === | === Script === | ||
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!l | !l | ||
| colspan="6" | | | colspan="6" | | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 19:27, 9 March 2015
Phonology
Inventory
Consonants
Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ||
Stop | p | t | k | |
Fricative | f β | s ð | ɣ | h |
Flap | ɾ | |||
Lateral | l |
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i iː | u uː | |
Mid | e eː | ə̥ | o oː |
Open | a aː |
Phonotactics
Syllable structure
(C1)V(C2)
- C1: Any consonant or one of /pɾ tɾ kɾ βɾ ðɾ ɣɾ/
- C2: One of /n s ɾ l/
- V: Any vowel
Consonant Clusters
pɾ | tɾ | kɾ | βɾ | ðɾ | ɣɾ | m | p | t | k | f | h | β | ð | ɣ | n | s | ɾ | l | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | npɾ | ntɾ | nkɾ | nβɾ | nðɾ | nɣɾ | nm | np | nt | nk | nf | nh | nβ | nð | nɣ | - | ns | - | - |
s | spɾ | ntɾ | nkɾ | sβɾ | sðɾ | sɣɾ | sm | sp | st | sk | sf | sh | sβ | sð | sɣ | sn | - | - | sl |
ɾ | ɾpɾ | ɾtɾ | ɾkɾ | ɾβɾ | ɾðɾ | ɾɣɾ | ɾm | ɾp | ɾt | ɾk | ɾf | ɾh | ɾβ | ɾð | ɾɣ | ɾn | ɾs | ɾɾ | ɾl |
l | lpɾ | ltɾ | lkɾ | lβɾ | lðɾ | lɣɾ | lm | lp | lt | lk | lf | lh | lβ | lð | lɣ | ln | ls | - | - |
Stress
Allophony
- Voiced fricatives [β ð ɣ] become voiced stops [b d g] before [ɾ]
- [n] assimilate in place of articulation to following consonants [m n ŋ ɴ]
- [h] become voiced [ɦ] between voiced vowels
- [ə̥] are assimilated into aspiration after stops [p t k]
- [ə̥] become [ʔ] word-initially
- [ə̥] become [ɦ] between vowels
- [ɾɾ] are realized as [r]
Ortography
Romanization
Phoneme | Grapheme |
---|---|
Consonants | |
m | m |
n | n |
p | p |
t | t |
k | k |
f | f |
β | b |
s | s |
ð | d |
ɣ | g |
h | h |
ɾ | r |
l | l |
Vowels | |
a | a |
e | e |
i | i |
o | o |
u | u |
aː | aa |
eː | ee |
iː | ii |
oː | oo |
uː | uu |
ə̥ | ' |
Script
Monograph syllables | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
' | a | e | i | o | u | |
∅ | ||||||
m | ||||||
n | ||||||
p | ||||||
t | ||||||
k | ||||||
b | ||||||
d | ||||||
g | ||||||
f | ||||||
s | ||||||
h | ||||||
r | ||||||
l | ||||||
Diacritic syllables | ||||||
' | a | e | i | o | u | |
pr | ||||||
tr | ||||||
kr | ||||||
br | ||||||
dr | ||||||
gr | ||||||
Single consonants | ||||||
n | ||||||
s | ||||||
r | ||||||
l |
Morphology
Verbs
Tense/Aspect
1st Affix | 2nd Affix | Tense / Aspect | Alternative | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
None | None | Gnomic | - | ||
Past | None | Past perfective | - | ||
Past | Past retrospective | Distant past | |||
Present | Past continuous | - | |||
Future | Past prospective | - | |||
Present | None | Present perfective | - | ||
Past | Present retrospective | Near past | |||
Present | Present continuous | - | |||
Future | Present prospective | Near future | |||
Future | None | Future perfective | - | ||
Past | Future retrospective | - | |||
Present | Future continuous | - | |||
Future | Future prospective | Distant future |
Mood
Type | Mood | Use | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Realis | Indicative | Factual statement | ||
Irrealis | Epistemic | Alethic | States truth or logical necessity | |
Potential | States probability of something happening | |||
Deductive | States something supported by indirect evidence | |||
Deontic | Desiderative | States internal desire for something | ||
Expectative | States external desire for something | |||
Necessitative | States internal necessity for something | |||
Directive | States external necessity for something | |||
Capacitative | States internal ability to do something | |||
Permissive | States external ability to do something |
Nouns
Case
Case | Use | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | Marks the agent of a verb | |
Absolutive | Marks the object of a verb | |
Dative benefactive | Marks the indirect object of the verb | |
Genitive | Marks possession of or relation with something | |
Instrumental | Marks an instrument or tool used to carry out the action | |
Comitative | Mark accompaniment of something | |
Privative | Marks the lack of company by something | |
Locative | Marks the location or time of the action |
Number
Number | Use | |
---|---|---|
Singulative | Marks a single object of a mass noun | |
Plurative | Marks multiple instances of countable and mass nouns |
Pronouns
Person | Number | Case | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NOM | ABS | DAT | GEN | |||
First | Singular | |||||
Plural | Exclusive | |||||
Inclusive | ||||||
Second | Singular | |||||
Plural | Exclusive | |||||
Inclusive | ||||||
Third | Singular | |||||
Plural |
Determiners
Type | Demonstrative | Interrogative | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Proximal | Medial | Distal | ||
Object | ||||
Manner | ||||
Reason | ||||
Location | ||||
Time |
Quantifiers
Type | Use | |
---|---|---|
Universal | Every option | |
Existential | Large amount of | |
V | ||
V | ||
V | ||
V | ||
Pair of | ||
Negatory | No option | |
Elective | Any option | |
Alternative | A different option |
Adpositions
Type | Use | ||
---|---|---|---|
Spatial | Location | Above, on the surface | |
Below | |||
In front of | |||
Behind | |||
Near | |||
Between, amongst | |||
Inside | |||
Movement | Over, across the surface | ||
Under | |||
Through | |||
To (direction) | |||
To (destination) | |||
From (origin) | |||
Into | |||
Out from | |||
Temporal | Since | ||
Before | |||
During | |||
After | |||
Until | |||
Composition | Of | ||
Purpose | In order to | ||
Cause | Because of | ||
Reference | About |
Numerals
Numerals are base 20 with sub-base 5