Knrawi: Difference between revisions

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*[ɛ] and [ɔ] are unstressed allophones of /ɪ/ or /a/ and /ʊ/ or /a/ respectively
*[ɛ] and [ɔ] are unstressed allophones of /ɪ/ or /a/ and /ʊ/ or /a/ respectively.
*/ɪ/, /ʊ/, and /a/ are realized as [j], [w], and [ʔ̞] postvocalically
**The conditions in which unstressed /a/ becomes [ɛ] or [ɔ] varies by region.
***In standard Knrawi [ɛ] is the realization adjacent to coronal and glottal consonants or when the previous vowel is [ɔ], and [ɔ] is the realization otherwise.
***In Royal Knrawi unstressed /a/ is instead realized as [ə] in all environments.
*/ɪ/, /ʊ/, and /a/ are realized as [j], [w], and [ʔ̞] postvocalically (not including syllabic consonants).
**In some regions this also applies across word boundaries.
*Epenthetic [ə] is placed between
*Epenthetic [ə] is placed between
**voiceless consonants and /h/ or /x̠/
**voiceless consonants and /h/ or /x̠/ (except /hh/ and /x̠x̠/).
***In standard Knrawi an exception is /hC/ and /x̠h/ clusters
***In standard Knrawi an exception is /hx̠/ and /x̠h/ clusters.
**aspirated consonants and non-nasal consonants
**aspirated consonants and non-nasal consonants.
**C₁CC₁, #CC₁, and C₁C# clusters with the C₁ being less sonorous than C (not including syllabic consonants)
**C₁CC₁, #CC₁, and C₁C# clusters with the C₁ being less sonorous than C (not including syllabic consonants).
 
*In some regions,
The conditions in which unstressed /a/ becomes [ɛ] or [ɔ] varies by region; in standard Knrawi [ɛ] is the realization adjacent to coronal and glottal consonants or when the previous vowel is [ɔ], and [ɔ] is the realization otherwise.
**Unstressed /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ are realized as [e] and [o] (with /a/ still having [ɛ] and [ɔ] realizations).
**Stressed /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ are realized as [i] and [u] or [ə] and [u].
**[ɛ] and [ɔ] are realized as [e̞] and [o̞].


===Pitch accent===
===Pitch accent===

Revision as of 12:31, 14 July 2023

Knrawi
knrawi
Knrawi.png
knrawìguaa, "Knrawi language" in the Wacag script
Pronunciation[k̠n̩˥ɹɔʍɛ]
Created byDillon Hartwig
Date2020
SettingPollasena
Native toKnrawi Isles
Wasc
  • Knrawi
Official status
Official language in
Knrawi Empire
PollasenaMapGlowPNG2.png
Range map of Knrawi (pink) and Soc'ul' (green)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Knrawi /kənˈrɑwi/ (standard Knrawi: [k̠n̩˥ɹɔʍɛ]) is an isolate spoken across the Knrawi Empire, with moderate influence from Soc'ul' and other languages of the Knrawi Isles.

Etymology

Knrawi is autonym of both the language and the Knrawi ethnic group. Its further etymology is not known.

Orthography

Knrawi is written with the Wacag logography. Its romanization is as follows.

Knrawi Romanization
a c ch cj e f fh fj
/a/ /k̟/ /k̟ʰ/ /k̟ˣ/ [ə] [ɸ] [ɸʰ] [ɸˣ]
g h i j k kh kj m
/ŋ/ /h/ /ɪ/ /x̠/ /k̠/ /k̠ʰ/ /k̠ˣ/ /m/
n p ph pj q qh qj r
/n/ [p] [pʰ] [pˣ] /kʷ/ /kʷʰ/ /kʷˣ/ /ɹ/
s sh sj t th tj u v
/x̟/ /x̟ʰ/ /x̟ˣ/ /t/ /tʰ/ /tˣ/ /ʊ/ [β̞]
w y z zh zj á à â
/ʍ/ /ɉ/ /θ/ /θʰ/ /θˣ/ /a˥/ /a˩/ /a˥˩/

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants
Labial Alveolar Prevelar Postvelar Labialized velar Glottal
Nasal m (mʷ) (n̪) n (n̠) (ŋ̟) ŋ (ŋ̠) (ŋʷ)
Stop Plain (p) t k̟ k̠ kʷ
Aspirated (pʰ) (pˣ) tʰ tˣ k̟ʰ t͡ʃˣ k̠ʰ k̠ˣ kʷʰ kʷˣ
Fricative Plain (ɸ) (β) θ (ð) x̟ (ʒ) x̠ ʍ
Aspirated (ɸʰ) (ɸˣ) θʰ θˣ x̟ʰ ʃˣ h
Approximant (β̞) ɹ (j) ɉ (w) (ʔ̞)
  • Alveolar consonants become bilabial adjacent to /m/, /ʊ/, and labialized consonants.
    • /n/ becomes what is notated here as [mʷ], but is merged into [m] in most regions and in standard Knrawi.
  • /ŋ/ assimilates to following velar consonants, and /n/ assimilates to following dental and postalveolar consonants.
  • /ɪ/, /ʊ/, and /a/ are realized as [j], [w], and [ʔ̞] postvocalically.
  • The conditions for approximants being realized as fricatives varies by region.
    • In standard Knrawi they are realized as fricatives on word boundaries and after non-syllabic vowels.
  • [β̞] and [w] (but not [β]) are merged in most regions and in standard Knrawi.
    • In standard Knrawi the merged value is [w].
  • In some regions,
    • Bilabial fricatives are realized as labiodental.
    • Alveolar consonants are realized as dental or vice versa.
    • Prevelar stops and fricatives (or only aspirated ones) are realized as postalveolar affricates and fricatives.
    • Prevelar and postvelar consonants are realized as palatal and velar, postalveolar (as above) and velar, or velar and uvular.
      • In fewer of these regions /ŋ/ assimilates to following postalveolar consonants as [n̠], merging with /n/.
    • [j] and [ɉ] are merged.
    • /m/ and [mʷ] are realized as [ŋʷ] and [m].
    • non-labial /ɹ/ is realized as [l] or [r].
    • /ʍ/ is realized as [xʷ], [hʷ], [ɸʷ], [w], or others.
    • [ʔ̞] is realized as [ʔ], [ɦ], or [∅].

Vowels

Vowels
Front Central Back
High ɪ ʊ
Mid (ə)
Low mid (ɛ) (ɔ)
Low a
  • [ɛ] and [ɔ] are unstressed allophones of /ɪ/ or /a/ and /ʊ/ or /a/ respectively.
    • The conditions in which unstressed /a/ becomes [ɛ] or [ɔ] varies by region.
      • In standard Knrawi [ɛ] is the realization adjacent to coronal and glottal consonants or when the previous vowel is [ɔ], and [ɔ] is the realization otherwise.
      • In Royal Knrawi unstressed /a/ is instead realized as [ə] in all environments.
  • /ɪ/, /ʊ/, and /a/ are realized as [j], [w], and [ʔ̞] postvocalically (not including syllabic consonants).
    • In some regions this also applies across word boundaries.
  • Epenthetic [ə] is placed between
    • voiceless consonants and /h/ or /x̠/ (except /hh/ and /x̠x̠/).
      • In standard Knrawi an exception is /hx̠/ and /x̠h/ clusters.
    • aspirated consonants and non-nasal consonants.
    • C₁CC₁, #CC₁, and C₁C# clusters with the C₁ being less sonorous than C (not including syllabic consonants).
  • In some regions,
    • Unstressed /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ are realized as [e] and [o] (with /a/ still having [ɛ] and [ɔ] realizations).
    • Stressed /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ are realized as [i] and [u] or [ə] and [u].
    • [ɛ] and [ɔ] are realized as [e̞] and [o̞].

Pitch accent

Tones
High Low Falling
˥ ˩ ˥˩

Lexical falling tone in native words is rare, but grammatical falling tone is more common; see Grammatical tone.

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Rhythm

Phonotactics

Syllables are at most (C(C₁))V((C₁)C), with C₁ being more sonorous than the adjacent consonant and syllabic consonants functioning as V.

Morphology

Alignment

Knrawi has nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment.

Nouns and pronouns

Noun affixes

Possession

rn̂ jîi

Noun negation

Verbs

Copula

The copula su inflects as follows.

Copulae

Serial verbs

Adjectives and adverbs

Adpositions

Numerals

Knrawi uses base-24 numerals.

Numerals
1 2 3 4 5 6
tì qûat càvu shuga kaau fùch
7 8 9 10 11 12
m̀vis khain kàtiu huc chaua ycham
13 14 15 16 17 18
tìm quâpm cavùm shugám kaáum fuchm̀
19 20 21 22 23 24
mvìsm khaímm katìum hucḿ chaúam ychámm
25 48 576 13,824 331,776
ychámm hn tì qûat ychámm sûign suîgmm ychámm suîgmm

Nouns are not marked for number when using numerals.

Derivational morphology

Part-of-speech modifiers

Reduplication

Syntax

Constituent order

Word order is flexible with sufficient marking or context, but SOV order is most common in the western Knrawi Isles and VSO order is most common in the eastern Knrawi Isles.

Noun and verb phrases

Dependent clauses

Dependent clauses follow the head they modify after all other dependents, and their head noun is often backed to the end of its clause.

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1

Thaágg jua r yamúszaq ih r azjnázaq wuicsjḿjr ih r zauákejr. Gufḿqhvi ih guwúiri r̀ iaràm, quatîtg hu qakhúy sugkúkujr.

Thaag-g

person-NOM

jua

all

r

PASS

yamús-zaq

free-bear

ih

and

r

PASS

azjna-zaq

equal-bear

wuícsjm-jr

dignified-ADVZ

ih

and

r

PASS

zauak-jr.

own-ADVZ

Thaag-g jua r yamús-zaq ih r azjna-zaq {wuícsjm}-jr ih r zauak-jr.

person-NOM all PASS free-bear and PASS equal-bear dignified-ADVZ and PASS own-ADVZ


Gu-fmqh-ri

NZ-think-NOM.PTV

ih

and

gu-wui-ri

NZ-good-NOM.PTV

r̀

PASS

iaràm,

give

quatît-g

RECP-NZ

hu

JUS.3>3

qa-khuy

do-toward

sug-kuku-jr.

brother-way-ADVZ

Gu-fmqh-ri ih gu-wui-ri r̀ iaràm, quatît-g hu qa-khuy sug-kuku-jr.

NZ-think-NOM.PTV and NZ-good-NOM.PTV PASS give RECP-NZ JUS.3>3 do-toward brother-way-ADVZ

Linguifex-hosted translations

Conlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translations

Other resources

CALS

Pollasena Wiki

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