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==Nouns==
==Nouns==
{{PAGENAME}} nouns decline in definiteness, three numbers (singular, dual and plural), and four cases (nominative, genitive-accusative, dative, instrumental-locative). Unusually for a modern Semitic language, case plays a very important and productive role. There is no counterpart to the construct state or possessed forms of other Semitic languages (The {{PAGENAME}} forms are from the original construct state forms); however, the possessor always follows the noun.
{{PAGENAME}} nouns decline in definiteness, three numbers (singular, dual and plural), and three cases (direct, genitive, instrumental-locative). Unusually for a modern Semitic language, case plays a very important and productive role. There is no counterpart to the construct state or possessed forms of other Semitic languages (The {{PAGENAME}} forms are from the original construct state forms); however, the possessor always follows the noun.


{{PAGENAME}} nouns are notable for inheriting the oldest version of the Proto-Semitic case system, the diptotic (two-case) system, with nominative singular ''-''Ø < {{recon|''-ъ''}} < PSem {{recon|''-u''}} and genitive/accusative singular ''-o'' < PSem {{recon|''-a''}}. Feminine singular nominative {{recon|''-atu''}} was changed to {{recon|''-ā''}} > ''-a'' under Indo-European influence. The dative and instrumental/locative are older than the definite affixes and were formed by suffixing inflected forms of the prepositions *la 'to' and *bi 'with/by, in'. This means that overall, the fusional nature of the Semitic nominal declension is well-preserved.
{{PAGENAME}} nouns are notable for inheriting the oldest version of the Proto-Semitic case system, the diptotic (two-case) system, with nominative singular ''-''Ø < {{recon|''-ъ''}} < PSem {{recon|''-u''}} and genitive/accusative singular ''-o'' < PSem {{recon|''-a''}}. Feminine singular nominative {{recon|''-atu''}} was changed to {{recon|''-ā''}} > ''-a'' under Indo-European influence. The instrumental/locative is older than the definite affixes and wasformed by suffixing inflected forms of the preposition {{recon|''bi''}} 'with/by, in'. This means that overall, the fusional nature of the Semitic nominal declension is well-preserved.


The definiteness suffixes arose from cliticized demonstratives: e.g. ''vodov'' 'the child' (nom.) < {{recon|''voldъ-vъ''}} < {{recon|''waldu&nbsp;ðū''}}; ''porosili'' 'the horses' (gen./acc.) < {{recon|''porosi-ъli''}} < {{recon|''parašī&nbsp;ʔulī''}}.
The definiteness suffixes arose from cliticized demonstratives: e.g. ''vodov'' 'the child' (nom.) < {{recon|''voldъ-vъ''}} < {{recon|''waldu&nbsp;ðū''}}; ''porosili'' 'the horses' (gen./acc.) < {{recon|''porosi-ъli''}} < {{recon|''parašī&nbsp;ʔulī''}}.
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!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite!!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite!!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite
!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite!!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite!!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite
|-
|-
! nom.
! direct
| ''júm'' || ''júm'''ov''''' || ''júm'''a''''' || ''júm'''ava''' || ''júm'''y''''' || ''júm'''yly'''''
| ''júm'' || ''júm'''ov''''' || ''júm'''a''''' || ''júm'''ava''' || ''júm'''y''''' || ''júm'''yly'''''
|-
|-
! gen./acc.
! gen.
| ''júm'''o''''' || ''júm'''ovo''' || ''júm'''ě''''' || ''júm'''ěvě''' || ''júm'''i''''' || ''júm'''ili'''
| ''júm'''o''''' || ''júm'''ovo''' || ''júm'''ě''''' || ''júm'''ěvě''' || ''júm'''i''''' || ''júm'''ili'''
|-
! dative
| ''júm'''lu''''' || ''júm'''volu''' || ''júm'''luma'''''  || ''júm'''věluma''''' || ''júm'''ilúm''''' || ''júm'''lilúm'''''
|-
|-
! ins./loc.
! ins./loc.
| ''júm'''bi''''' || ''júm'''vobi''' || ''júm'''bima''''' || ''júm'''věbima''''' || ''júm'''ibím''''' || ''júm'''libím'''''
| ''júm'''bi''''' || ''júm'''vobi''' || ''júm'''ěma''''' || ''júm'''ěvěma''''' || ''júm'''ím''''' || ''júm'''ilím'''''
|}
|}


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! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! nom.
! direct
| ''fob'' || ''fob'''ja''''' || ''fob'''je'''''
| ''fob'' || ''fob'''ja''''' || ''fob'''je'''''
|-
|-
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! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! nom.
! direct
| ''þém'''a''''' || ''þém'''ota''''' || ''þém'''y'''''
| ''þém'''a''''' || ''þém'''ota''''' || ''þém'''y'''''
|-
|-
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! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! nom.
! direct
| ''molč'''a''''' || ''molč'''ota''''' || ''molč'''ác'''''
| ''molč'''a''''' || ''molč'''ota''''' || ''molč'''ác'''''
|-
|-
! gen./acc.
! gen.
| ''molč'''oto''''' || ''molč'''ocě''''' || ''molč'''aci'''''
| ''molč'''oto''''' || ''molč'''ocě''''' || ''molč'''aci'''''
|-
|-
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! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! nom.
! direct
| ''syr'''a''''' || ''syr'''ota''''' || ''syr'''ác'''''
| ''syr'''a''''' || ''syr'''ota''''' || ''syr'''ác'''''
|-
|-
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! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! nom.
! direct
| ''lesán'' || ''lesán'''a''''' || ''lesán'''ác'''''
| ''lesán'' || ''lesán'''a''''' || ''lesán'''ác'''''
|-
|-
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! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! nom.
! direct
| ''omyn'''íc''''' || ''omyn'''ita''''' || ''omyn'''ijác'''''
| ''omyn'''íc''''' || ''omyn'''ita''''' || ''omyn'''ijác'''''
|-
|-
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! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! nom.
! direct
| ''ęs'' || ''ęs'''a''''' || ''ęs'''áj'''''
| ''ęs'' || ''ęs'''a''''' || ''ęs'''áj'''''
|-
|-
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