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Verse:Mwail/Old Gloob: Difference between revisions

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|-
|-
!|2.m
!|2.m
|''zèir''
|''zḕr''
|rowspan="2"|''lā́s''
|rowspan="2"|''lā́s''
|-
|-
!|2.f
!|2.f
|''vèir''
|''vḕr''
|-
|-
!|3.an
!|3.an
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|}
|}


Adding the ''ħe-'' demonstrative prefix creates intensified pronouns ''ħená, ħezéir'' etc., thus etymologically "it's me", "it's you" etc. The intensified pronouns are often used to emphasize that the pronoun is the focus rather than the topic (which is fronted like the focus often is).
Adding the ''ħe-'' demonstrative prefix creates intensified pronouns ''ħená, ħezḗr'' etc., thus etymologically "it's me", "it's you" etc. The intensified pronouns are often used to emphasize that the pronoun is the focus rather than the topic (which is fronted like the focus often is).


====Demonstrative====
====Demonstrative====
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|-
|-
!|Indefinite
!|Indefinite
|''gérea''||''géreir''
|''gérea''||''gérēr''
|-
|-
!|Definite
!|Definite
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:''What is the matter?''
:''What is the matter?''


:'''''Ei báolis {{blue|ján}}?'''''
:'''''Ē báolis {{blue|ján}}?'''''
:''Is something the matter?''
:''Is something the matter?''


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:''One of you should send a gift, so that I may [lit. and let me...] pardon you.''
:''One of you should send a gift, so that I may [lit. and let me...] pardon you.''
** after a conditional conjunction ''nit'', ''ar'', or ''gin'', or less commonly after ''vórêl ne'', it expresses "in order that...".
** after a conditional conjunction ''nit'', ''ar'', or ''gin'', or less commonly after ''vórêl ne'', it expresses "in order that...".
:'''''ħéistyr rin chényremá'''''
:'''''ħḗstyr rin chényremá'''''
:<small>word-DEF REL say-PASS-JUSS.3SG.M</small>
:<small>word-DEF REL say-PASS-JUSS.3SG.M</small>
:''the word to say/the word that should be said''
:''the word to say/the word that should be said''
* to express deliberative questions, of whether something should be done, or what should be done.
* to express deliberative questions, of whether something should be done, or what should be done.
:'''''Jḗr vamenaréin?'''''
:'''''Jḗr vamenarī́n?'''''
:<small>how advocate-PASS-JUSS.1SG</small>
:<small>how advocate-PASS-JUSS.1SG</small>
:''How am I to defend myself?/How shall I defend myself?''
:''How am I to defend myself?/How shall I defend myself?''
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======Inceptive======
======Inceptive======
The inceptive expresses the beginning of a imperfective period in time of the action, and is expressed by the suffix ''-sséin'' placed after the theme vowel: ''mólysséin'' 'begin to thank', ''nesasséin'' 'begin to kill', ''teresséin'' 'begin to flourish'.
The inceptive expresses the beginning of a imperfective period in time of the action, and is expressed by the suffix ''-ssī́n'' placed after the theme vowel: ''mólyssī́n'' 'begin to thank', ''nesassīn'' 'begin to kill', ''teressī́n'' 'begin to flourish'.


======Continuative======
======Continuative======
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======Cessative======
======Cessative======
The cessative expresses the end of an imperfective period in time of the action, and is expressed by the suffix ''-mbéin''; ''mólymbéin'' 'cease to thank', ''nésambéin'' 'cease to kill', ''terembéin'' 'cease to flourish'.
The cessative expresses the end of an imperfective period in time of the action, and is expressed by the suffix ''-mbī́n''; ''mólymbī́n'' 'cease to thank', ''nésambī́n'' 'cease to kill', ''terembī́n'' 'cease to flourish'.


=====Additional mood/evidentiality/discourse marking=====
=====Additional mood/evidentiality/discourse marking=====
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:''(see/you know), she is singing''
:''(see/you know), she is singing''


:'''''Yntáeqáeqein di būqȳrerī Slȳ́sar.'''''
:'''''Yntáeqáeqīn di būqȳrerī Slȳ́sar.'''''
:<small>yn-{{blue|RDPL-il}}-taeqen di būqȳr-ái S.</small>
:<small>yn-{{blue|RDPL-il}}-taeqen di būqȳr-ái S.</small>
:<small>IMPF-{{blue|ENER}}-visit-IMPF-1SG LOC temple-3SG.HON.CONJ S.</small>
:<small>IMPF-{{blue|ENER}}-visit-IMPF-1SG LOC temple-3SG.HON.CONJ S.</small>
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Shown below are the final and combining forms of subject suffixes of the three conjugation paradigms: the first conjugation, with null thematic vowel, the second conjugation, with thematic vowel ''a'', and the third conjugation, with thematic vowel ''e''.
Shown below are the final and combining forms of subject suffixes of the three conjugation paradigms: the first conjugation, with null thematic vowel, the second conjugation, with thematic vowel ''a'', and the third conjugation, with thematic vowel ''e''.


To form the passive, the paradigms ''-ī́n'', ''-áin'', ''-éin'' are replaced by ''-yréin'', ''-aréin'', ''-eréin'', respectively.
To form the passive, the paradigms ''-ī́n'', ''-áin'', ''-ī́n'' are replaced by ''-yréin'', ''-aréin'', ''-erī́n'', respectively.


The citation form of a verb is the 1st person jussive. The three major conjugations are correlated with the semantics of the verb:
The citation form of a verb is the 1st person jussive. The three major conjugations are correlated with the semantics of the verb:
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**The above contains ''-iī́n'' verbs (''*j''-stems, realized as pseudo-thematic vowel ''i'').
**The above contains ''-iī́n'' verbs (''*j''-stems, realized as pseudo-thematic vowel ''i'').
*2nd conjugation ''-áin'' < ''*-a-īn=ʔ'': typically denominative, factitive or transitive verbs.
*2nd conjugation ''-áin'' < ''*-a-īn=ʔ'': typically denominative, factitive or transitive verbs.
*3rd conjugation ''-éin'' < ''*-e-īn=ʔ'': typically dynamic or reflexive verbs.
*3rd conjugation ''-ī́n'' < ''*-e-īn=ʔ'': typically dynamic or reflexive verbs.


The zero theme vowel conjugation often contains irregularities from interactions between the final consonant and the ending (in fact some alteration occurs for all consonants except ''m'', ''r'' and ''ch'', unless the stem-terminating consonant is part of a cluster) and hence includes [[{{PAGENAME}}/Verbal subparadigms|many subconjugations]].
The zero theme vowel conjugation often contains irregularities from interactions between the final consonant and the ending (in fact some alteration occurs for all consonants except ''m'', ''r'' and ''ch'', unless the stem-terminating consonant is part of a cluster) and hence includes [[{{PAGENAME}}/Verbal subparadigms|many subconjugations]].
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''-īn, -ī(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''-ain, -ai(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''-ein, -ei(n)<sup>1</sup>-''
|''-īn, -ī(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''-ain, -ai(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''-īn, -ī(n)<sup>1</sup>-''
|''-maech, -maech-''<br/>''-ámaech, -amaech-''<br/>''-émaech, -emaech-''
|''-maech, -maech-''<br/>''-ámaech, -amaech-''<br/>''-émaech, -emaech-''
|-
|-
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|-
|-
!|3.other
!|3.other
|''-is, -isi-''<br/>''-ais, -aisi-''<br/>''-eis, -eisi-''
|''-is, -isi-''<br/>''-ais, -aisi-''<br/>''-ēs, -ēsi-''
|''-ti, -ti-''<br/>''-áti, -ati-''<br/>''-éti, -eti-''
|''-ti, -ti-''<br/>''-áti, -ati-''<br/>''-éti, -eti-''
|-
|-
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''-ī́n, -ī́(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''-áin, -ái(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''-éin, -éi(n)<sup>1</sup>-''
|''-ī́n, -ī́(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''-áin, -ái(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''-ī́n, -ī́(n)<sup>1</sup>-''
|''-máech, -máech-''<br/>''-amáech, -amáech-''<br/>''-emáech, -emáech-''
|''-máech, -máech-''<br/>''-amáech, -amáech-''<br/>''-emáech, -emáech-''
|-
|-
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|rowspan="2"|''+ -am''
|rowspan="2"|''+ -am''
|rowspan="2"|''+ -(v)ā''
|rowspan="2"|''+ -(v)ā''
|'''''-ei'''''
|'''''-ī'''''
|-
|-
!|''-ī-''
!|''-ī-''
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|''gilezý''
|''gilezý''
|''gilév''
|''gilév''
|''giléi'''
|''giléī'''
|''gilelý''
|''gilelý''
|''gilelī́''
|''gilelī́''
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|
|
|-
|-
|''seim''
|''sēm''
|but, yet, however
|but, yet, however
|
|
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||even if, regardless of whether||
||even if, regardless of whether||
|-
|-
|''eir''
|''ēr''
||because, for||
||because, for||
|-
|-
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:''(the allegation) that they are exceptional in war''
:''(the allegation) that they are exceptional in war''


Indirect questions use the same interrogative words as direct questions, with appropriate changes in person and tense. In indirect polar (yes/no) questions the verb is often cast into the subjunctive mood. Wh-words remain unchanged, and the question particle ''ei'' often but not always changes to ''ar''.
Indirect questions use the same interrogative words as direct questions, with appropriate changes in person and tense. In indirect polar (yes/no) questions the verb is often cast into the subjunctive mood. Wh-words remain unchanged, and the question particle ''ē'' often but not always changes to ''ar''.


====Conditional clauses====
====Conditional clauses====
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*''arizḗn'': "certainly", used to express speaker's certainty (English epistemic "must").
*''arizḗn'': "certainly", used to express speaker's certainty (English epistemic "must").
*''spádīl'' "in truth", "indeed".
*''spádīl'' "in truth", "indeed".
*''teizēr'': "successfully".
*''thezēr'': "successfully".


====Modal verbs====
====Modal verbs====
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*''-harī́n'' 'away from speaker'
*''-harī́n'' 'away from speaker'
*''-cōtī́n'' 'continue to'
*''-cōtī́n'' 'continue to'
*''-isséin'' 'with great caution'
*''-issī́n'' 'with great caution'


==Derivational morphology==
==Derivational morphology==
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