Guimin: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 17:35, 29 January 2024

Guimin
гӯймин
Pronunciation	[gʉːjˈmin]
Created by	Dillon Hartwig
Date	2022
Setting	Dagestan, Russian Federation
Language family	Indo-European Guimin
Early form	Proto-Indo-European
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Guimin /ˈgoɪmɪn/ (Guimin: гӯймин [gʉːjˈmin]) is an Indo-European language spoken in eastern Dagestan.

Etymology

Guimin is from the autonym and ethnonym гӯймин, which is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥H-h₁en-mén-s.

Orthography

Guimin has historically been written with the Arabic, Mkhedruli, and Latin scripts, but is now largely written with the Cyrillic script.

Guimin alphabet
А а	А̄ а̄	Ав ав	А̄в а̄в	Авъ авъ	А̄въ а̄въ	Ай ай	А̄й а̄й	Айъ айъ	А̄йъ а̄йъ
/ɑ/	/ɑː/	/ɑu/	/ɑuː/	/ɑuˤ/	/ɑuˤː/	/ɑi/	/ɑiː/	/ɑiˤ/	/ɑiˤː/
Б б	В в	Г г	Гъ гъ	Гь гь	Д д	Дж дж	Дз дз	Е е	Е̄ е̄
/b/	/w/	/g/	/ʁ/	/h/	/d/	/d͡ʒ/	/d͡z/	/je/	/jeː/
Ё ё	Ё̄ ё̄	Ж ж	З з	И и	Ӣ ӣ	Иъ иъ	Ӣъ ӣъ	Й й	К к
/jo/	/joː/	/ʒ/	/z/	/i/	/iː/	/iˤ/	/iˤː/	/j/	/k/
Кк кк	Къ къ	Кь кь	Ккь ккь	Кӏ кӏ	Ккӏ ккӏ	Къӏ къӏ	Кьӏ кьӏ	Ккьӏ ккьӏ	Л л
/kː/	/qː/	/t͡ɬ/	/t͡ɬː/	/kʼ/	/kʼː/	/qʼː/	/t͡ɬʼ/	/t͡ɬʼː/	/l/
Лл лл	Лъ лъ	М м	Н н	О о	О̄ о̄	П п	Пп пп	Пӏ пӏ	Ппӏ ппӏ
/ɬː/	/ɬ/	/m/	/n/	/o/	/oː/	/p/	/pː/	/pʼ/	/pʼː/
Р р	Рр рр	Ръ ръ	С с	Сс сс	Т т	Тт тт	Тӏ тӏ	Ттӏ ттӏ	У у
/r/	/r̥ː/	/r̥/	/s/	/sː/	/t/	/tː/	/tʼ/	/tʼː/	/u/
Ӯ ӯ	Уъ уъ	Ӯъ ӯъ	Ф ф	Фф фф	Х х	Хх хх	Хъ хъ	Ц ц	Цц цц
/uː/	/uˤ/	/uˤː/	/f/	/fː/	/x/	/xː/	/χː/	/t͡s/	/t͡sː/
Цӏ цӏ	Ццӏ ццӏ	Ч ч	Чч чч	Чӏ чӏ	Ччӏ ччӏ	Ш ш	Шш шш	Щ щ	Ы ы
/t͡sʼ/	/t͡sʼː/	/t͡ʃ/	/t͡ʃː/	/t͡ʃʼ/	/t͡ʃʼː/	/ʃ/	/ʃː/	/ʃː/	/ɨ/
Ы̄ ы̄	Ыъ ыъ	Ы̄ъ ы̄ъ	Э э	Э̄ э̄	Ю ю	Ю̄ ю̄	Юъ юъ	Ю̄ъ ю̄ъ	Я я
/ɨː/	/ɨˤ/	/ɨˤː/	/e/	/eː/	/ju/	/juː/	/juˤ/	/juˤː/	/jɑ/
Я̄ я̄	Ӏ ӏ	Ә ә	Ә̄ ә̄	Әъ әъ	Ә̄ъ ә̄ъ	Әв әв	Ә̄в ә̄в	Әвъ әвъ	Ә̄въ ә̄въ
/jɑː/	/ʔ/	/æ/	/æː/	/æˤ/	/æˤː/	/æu/	/æuː/	/æuˤ/	/æuˤː/
Әй әй	Ә̄й ә̄й	Әйъ әйъ	Ә̄йъ ә̄йъ
/æi/	/æiː/	/æiˤ/	/æiˤː/

⟨щ⟩ only occurs in Russian loanwords.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants
		Labial		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Lateral		Palatal	Velar		Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m		n
Stop	Voiceless	p	pː	t	tː						k	kː	qː	ʔ
	Ejective	pʼ	pʼː	tʼ	tʼː						kʼ	kʼː	qʼː
	Voiced	b		d							g
Affricate	Voiceless			t͡s	t͡sː	t͡ʃ	t͡ʃː	t͡ɬ	t͡ɬː
	Ejective			t͡sʼ	t͡sʼː	t͡ʃʼ	t͡ʃʼː	t͡ɬʼ	t͡ɬʼː
	Voiced			d͡z		d͡ʒ
Fricative	Voiceless	f	fː	s	sː	ʃ	ʃː	ɬ	ɬː		x	xː	χː	h
Fricative	Voiced	w		z		ʒ							ʁ
Approximant		w						l		j
Trill	Voiceless			r̥	r̥ː
Trill	Voiced			r

/ʔ, d͡z, f, fː/ only occur in loanwords.
Consonants except /f, fː, j/ are pharyngealized adjacent to pharyngealized vowels and other pharyngealized consonants.
- Pharyngealization of trills is optional and varies by speaker.
- Pharyngealized alveolar consonants (except lateral consonants and trills) are realized as dental
- Pharyngealized /ʔ/ is realized as [ʡ~ʕ]
- Pharyngealized /h/ is realized as [ħ~ʜ]
Word-initial geminated consonants may be realized as aspirated or tense.
/w/ is in free variation with [v] except before rounded vowels
- /w/ and [wˤ] before rounded vowels are realized as [v].

Vowels

Vowels
	Front		Central		Back
High	i	iː	ɨ	ɨː	u	uː
High pharyngealized	iˤ	iˤː	ɨˤ	ɨˤː	uˤ	uˤː
Close-mid	e	eː			o	oː
Low	æ	æː			ɑ	ɑː
Low pharyngealized	æˤ	æˤː

Diphthongs
æi	æiː	æiˤ	æiˤː
æu	æuː	æuˤ	æuˤː
ɑi	ɑiː	ɑiˤ	ɑiˤː
ɑu	ɑuː	ɑuˤ	ɑuˤː

/æˤ/ only occurs in loanwords.
/u, uː, o, oː, ɑ, ɑː/ are realized as /ʉ, ʉː, ɵ, ɵː, ɐ, ɑː/ if the following syllable contains /i, iː, iˤ, iˤː, e, eː/.
- /u/ in diphthongs is realized as /ɵ/.
/iˤ, iˤː, ɨˤ, ɨˤː, uˤ, uˤː, æˤ, æˤː/ are realized as /e, eː, ɘ, ɘː, o, oː, ɘ, ɘː/ word-finally after pharyngealized consonants.
/e, o/ are in free variation with [ɛ, ɔ].
Epenthetic [ɘ] is optionally inserted between morphemes, most often between obstruents of different voicing/fortition.

Prosody

Stress

Stress is phonemic, most often either stem-initial or directly after the stem (which shifts to stem-final with zero-suffixes).

Intonation

Rhythm

Phonotactics

Guimin has a maximum syllable structure of CCVCC. consonant-/m, n, l, r/ clusters cannot occur word-initially.

Morphology

Alignment

Guimin has ergative-absolutive morphosyntactic alignment.

Nouns and pronouns

Demonstratives and pronouns

Pronouns inflect for the same categories as nouns. First-person plural pronouns also mark clusivity, and third-person pronouns mark gender.

Guimin third-person masculine singular pronouns also function as demonstratives, and when used as such often absolutive сә is treated as the stem inflected as a first-declension noun.

First-person pronouns
	SG	INCL	EXCL
ABS	ми	ым	ы̄в
ERG	ик	вӣ	нә̄ъ
GEN1	митиъ		ы̄витиъ
GEN2	мәс	сәм	нә̄ъм
DAT	мэ̄	нә̄с	нә̄ъс
INSTR	митӏ		нә̄ъбиъ
COM	икми	вӣми	нә̄ъми
EQ	иккы	вӣсы	нә̄ъсы

Second-person pronouns
	SG	PL
ABS	тӏви	уъм
ERG	тӏӯъ, тӏуъ	ю̄ъс
GEN1	тӏвитиъ
GEN2	тӏо	уъсәм
DAT	тӏэ̄	вә̄с
INSTR	тӏвитӏ
COM	тӏӯъми, тӏуъми	ю̄ъсми
EQ	тӏӯъсы, тӏуъсы	ю̄ъссы

Third-person pronouns
	M		F		N		REFL
	SG	PL	SG	PL	SG	PL	REFL
ABS	сә	тӏэ̄	сэ̄	тӏэ̄с	тӏәд	тӏэ̄	би
ERG	тӏәм	тӏәмс	тӏә̄м	тӏэ̄мс	тӏәд	тӏэ̄	би
GEN1	тӏәш	тӏәшә̄м	тӏәшэ̄с	тӏэ̄сә̄м	тӏәш	тӏәшә̄м	сив
GEN2	сәтиъ	тӏэ̄тиъ	сэ̄тиъ	тӏэ̄ттиъ	тӏәттиъ	тӏэ̄тиъ	сив
DAT	тӏәмӣ	тӏэ̄мәс	тӏәшӣъ	тӏэ̄мәс	тӏәмӣ	тӏэ̄мәс	сӣ
INSTR	тӏәнә̄	тӏэ̄с	тӏӣъ	тӏэ̄миъс	тӏәнә̄	тӏэ̄с	битӏ
COM	тӏәми		тӏә̄ми	тӏэ̄ми			битӏ
EQ	тӏәсы	тӏәссы	тӏә̄сы	тӏэ̄ссы

Verbs

Adjectives and adverbs

Postpositions

Numerals

Guimin uses base-20 numerals, except past 1000 where base-10 is used.

Numerals
1	2	3	4	5
эв	двә̄	тӏырӣ	кӏтӏӯр	пӏукӏ
6	7	8	9	10
биккӏ	сипӏтӏы	әкӏтӏә̄	нон	дикӏы
11	12	13	14	15
дикӏмэв	дикӏыдвә̄	дикӏытӏырӣ	дикӏыкӏтӏӯр	дикӏыпӏукӏ
16	17	18	19	20
дикӏмиккӏ	дикӏысипӏтӏы	дикӏмәкӏтӏә̄	дикӏынон	виъгьы
400	1,000	10,000	100,000	1,000,000
кӏытӏ	гьәзә̄р	бә̄вр	дикӏы бә̄вр	милён

All numerals above 1,000,000 are Russian loans.

Numerals 1-4 have irregular ordinal forms пӏӯв, двиъчӏ, тӏыриътӏ, кӏтӏвытӏ, other ordinals are marked by -(ы)тӏ. Distributive and collective numerals are marked by -ар and -ла respectively.

Derivational morphology

Part-of-speech modifiers

Syntax

Constituent order

The predominant word order is SOV, but word order is very flexible.

Noun and verb phrases

Dependent clauses

Dependent clauses follow the head they modify after any other modifiers, and are generally marked with the attributive.

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1

Гӯ мәнвис виъсәм муъкӏтӏмими гьу вэ̄кьӏмими карә̄мэ̄с гьу гьуъкъӯкъә̄м упӏрә. Гӯ әъкь гьу виджд дӯрә гьу тӣнтӏзәм такэ̄ бырэ̄тӏ гӯъдэчэ̄.

Гӯ

NWIT

мәнвис

human.ABS-PL.ABS

виъсәм

all-M.PL.ABS

муъкӏтӏмими

free-ADJ.NZ-COM

гьу

and

вэ̄кьӏмими

equal-ADJ.NZ-COM

карә̄мэ̄с

dignity-SG.GEN2

гьу

and

гьуъкъӯкъә̄м

right.PL-PL.GEN2

упӏрә.

make.PFV.PASS.M.PL

Гӯ

NWIT

әъкь

reason

гьу

and

виджд

conscience

дӯрә

give.PFV.PASS.M.PL

гьу

and

тӣнтӏзәм

do.PFV.PRES.M.PL

такэ̄

should

бырэ̄тӏ

brother

гӯъдэчэ̄.

be.INF-LAT-GER-ADV

Linguifex-hosted translations

Conlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translations

CALS translations

Other resources

CALS

@@ Line 186: / Line 186: @@
 ===Nouns and pronouns===
-====Pronouns====
+====Demonstratives and pronouns====
+Pronouns inflect for the same categories as nouns. First-person plural pronouns also mark clusivity, and third-person pronouns mark gender.
+Guimin third-person masculine singular pronouns also function as demonstratives, and when used as such often absolutive ''сә'' is treated as the stem inflected as a first-declension noun.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+ First-person pronouns
+|-
+! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|INCL}} !! {{gcl|EXCL}}
+|-
+! {{gcl|ABS}}
+| ми || ым || ы̄в
+|-
+! {{gcl|ERG}}
+| ик || вӣ || нә̄ъ
+|-
+! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
+| colspan="2"| митиъ || ы̄витиъ
+|-
+! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
+| мәс || сәм || нә̄ъм
+|-
+! {{gcl|DAT}}
+|мэ̄ || нә̄с || нә̄ъс
+|-
+! {{gcl|INSTR}}
+| colspan="2"| митӏ || нә̄ъбиъ
+|-
+! {{gcl|COM}}
+| икми || вӣми || нә̄ъми
+|-
+! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
+| иккы || вӣсы || нә̄ъсы
+|}
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+ Second-person pronouns
+|-
+! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
+|-
+! {{gcl|ABS}}
+| тӏви || уъм
+|-
+! {{gcl|ERG}}
+| тӏӯъ, тӏуъ || ю̄ъс
+|-
+! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
+| colspan="2"| тӏвитиъ
+|-
+! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
+| тӏо || уъсәм
+|-
+! {{gcl|DAT}}
+| тӏэ̄ || вә̄с
+|-
+! {{gcl|INSTR}}
+| colspan="2"| тӏвитӏ
+|-
+! {{gcl|COM}}
+| тӏӯъми, тӏуъми || ю̄ъсми
+|-
+! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
+| тӏӯъсы, тӏуъсы || ю̄ъссы
+|}
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+ Third-person pronouns
+|-
+! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|N}} !! rowspan="2"| {{gcl|REFL}}
+|-
+! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
+|-
+! {{gcl|ABS}}
+| сә || тӏэ̄ || сэ̄ || тӏэ̄с || rowspan="2"| тӏәд || rowspan="2"| тӏэ̄ || rowspan="2"| би
+|-
+! {{gcl|ERG}}
+| тӏәм || тӏәмс || тӏә̄м || тӏэ̄мс
+|-
+! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
+| тӏәш || тӏәшә̄м || тӏәшэ̄с || тӏэ̄сә̄м || тӏәш || тӏәшә̄м || rowspan="2"| сив
+|-
+! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
+| сәтиъ || тӏэ̄тиъ || сэ̄тиъ || тӏэ̄ттиъ || тӏәттиъ || тӏэ̄тиъ
+|-
+! {{gcl|DAT}}
+| тӏәмӣ || тӏэ̄мәс || тӏәшӣъ || тӏэ̄мәс || тӏәмӣ || тӏэ̄мәс || сӣ
+|-
+! {{gcl|INSTR}}
+| тӏәнә̄ || тӏэ̄с || тӏӣъ || тӏэ̄миъс || тӏәнә̄ || тӏэ̄с || rowspan="2"| битӏ
+|-
+! {{gcl|COM}}
+| colspan="2"| тӏәми || тӏә̄ми || тӏэ̄ми
+|-
+! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
+| тӏәсы || тӏәссы || тӏә̄сы || тӏэ̄ссы
+|}
 ===Verbs===

Guimin: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 17:35, 29 January 2024

Contents

Etymology

Orthography

Phonology

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Rhythm

Phonotactics

Morphology

Alignment

Nouns and pronouns

Demonstratives and pronouns

Verbs

Adjectives and adverbs

Postpositions

Numerals

Derivational morphology

Part-of-speech modifiers

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun and verb phrases

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1

Linguifex-hosted translations

Conlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translations

Other resources

Navigation menu

Guimin: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 17:35, 29 January 2024

Etymology

Orthography

Phonology

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Rhythm

Phonotactics

Morphology

Alignment

Nouns and pronouns

Demonstratives and pronouns

Verbs

Adjectives and adverbs

Postpositions

Numerals

Derivational morphology

Part-of-speech modifiers

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun and verb phrases

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1

Linguifex-hosted translations

Conlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translations

Other resources

Navigation menu

Search