Guimin: Difference between revisions
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Guimin has historically been written with the Arabic, Mkhedruli, and Latin scripts, but is now largely written with the Cyrillic script. | Guimin has historically been written with the Arabic, Mkhedruli, and Latin scripts, but is now largely written with the Cyrillic script. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | class="mw-collapsed mw-collapsible" | ||
|+ Guimin alphabet | |+ Guimin Cyrillic alphabet | ||
|- | |- | ||
! А а !! А̄ а̄ !! Ав ав !! А̄в а̄в !! Авъ авъ !! А̄въ а̄въ !! Ай ай !! А̄й а̄й !! Айъ айъ !! А̄йъ а̄йъ | ! А а !! А̄ а̄ !! Ав ав !! А̄в а̄в !! Авъ авъ !! А̄въ а̄въ !! Ай ай !! А̄й а̄й !! Айъ айъ !! А̄йъ а̄йъ | ||
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|} | |} | ||
*⟨щ⟩ only occurs in Russian loanwords. | *⟨щ⟩ only occurs in Russian loanwords. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | class="mw-collapsed mw-collapsible" | |||
|+ Guimin Latin alphabet | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
}} | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Revision as of 08:21, 20 September 2024
| Guimin | |
|---|---|
| гӯймин | |
| Pronunciation | [gʉːjˈmin] |
| Created by | Dillon Hartwig |
| Date | 2022 |
| Setting | Dagestan, Russian Federation |
Indo-European
| |
Early form | |
Guimin /ˈgoɪmɪn/ (Guimin: гӯймин [gʉːjˈmin]) is an Indo-European language spoken in eastern Dagestan.
Etymology
Guimin is from the autonym and ethnonym гӯймин, which is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥H-h₁en-mén-s.
Orthography
Guimin has historically been written with the Arabic, Mkhedruli, and Latin scripts, but is now largely written with the Cyrillic script.
| А а | А̄ а̄ | Ав ав | А̄в а̄в | Авъ авъ | А̄въ а̄въ | Ай ай | А̄й а̄й | Айъ айъ | А̄йъ а̄йъ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /ɑ/ | /ɑː/ | /ɑu/ | /ɑuː/ | /ɑuˤ/ | /ɑuˤː/ | /ɑi/ | /ɑiː/ | /ɑiˤ/ | /ɑiˤː/ |
| Б б | В в | Г г | Гъ гъ | Гь гь | Д д | Дж дж | Дз дз | Е е | Е̄ е̄ |
| /b/ | /w/ | /g/ | /ʁ/ | /h/ | /d/ | /d͡ʒ/ | /d͡z/ | /je/ | /jeː/ |
| Ё ё | Ё̄ ё̄ | Ж ж | З з | И и | Ӣ ӣ | Иъ иъ | Ӣъ ӣъ | Й й | К к |
| /jo/ | /joː/ | /ʒ/ | /z/ | /i/ | /iː/ | /iˤ/ | /iˤː/ | /j/ | /k/ |
| Кк кк | Къ къ | Кь кь | Ккь ккь | Кӏ кӏ | Ккӏ ккӏ | Къӏ къӏ | Кьӏ кьӏ | Ккьӏ ккьӏ | Л л |
| /kː/ | /qː/ | /t͡ɬ/ | /t͡ɬː/ | /kʼ/ | /kʼː/ | /qʼː/ | /t͡ɬʼ/ | /t͡ɬʼː/ | /l/ |
| Лл лл | Лъ лъ | М м | Н н | О о | О̄ о̄ | П п | Пп пп | Пӏ пӏ | Ппӏ ппӏ |
| /ɬː/ | /ɬ/ | /m/ | /n/ | /o/ | /oː/ | /p/ | /pː/ | /pʼ/ | /pʼː/ |
| Р р | Рр рр | Ръ ръ | С с | Сс сс | Т т | Тт тт | Тӏ тӏ | Ттӏ ттӏ | У у |
| /r/ | /r̥ː/ | /r̥/ | /s/ | /sː/ | /t/ | /tː/ | /tʼ/ | /tʼː/ | /u/ |
| Ӯ ӯ | Уъ уъ | Ӯъ ӯъ | Ф ф | Фф фф | Х х | Хх хх | Хъ хъ | Ц ц | Цц цц |
| /uː/ | /uˤ/ | /uˤː/ | /f/ | /fː/ | /x/ | /xː/ | /χː/ | /t͡s/ | /t͡sː/ |
| Цӏ цӏ | Ццӏ ццӏ | Ч ч | Чч чч | Чӏ чӏ | Ччӏ ччӏ | Ш ш | Шш шш | Щ щ | Ы ы |
| /t͡sʼ/ | /t͡sʼː/ | /t͡ʃ/ | /t͡ʃː/ | /t͡ʃʼ/ | /t͡ʃʼː/ | /ʃ/ | /ʃː/ | /ʃː/ | /ɨ/ |
| Ы̄ ы̄ | Ыъ ыъ | Ы̄ъ ы̄ъ | Э э | Э̄ э̄ | Ю ю | Ю̄ ю̄ | Юъ юъ | Ю̄ъ ю̄ъ | Я я |
| /ɨː/ | /ɨˤ/ | /ɨˤː/ | /e/ | /eː/ | /ju/ | /juː/ | /juˤ/ | /juˤː/ | /jɑ/ |
| Я̄ я̄ | Ӏ ӏ | Ә ә | Ә̄ ә̄ | Әъ әъ | Ә̄ъ ә̄ъ | Әв әв | Ә̄в ә̄в | Әвъ әвъ | Ә̄въ ә̄въ |
| /jɑː/ | /ʔ/ | /æ/ | /æː/ | /æˤ/ | /æˤː/ | /æu/ | /æuː/ | /æuˤ/ | /æuˤː/ |
| Әй әй | Ә̄й ә̄й | Әйъ әйъ | Ә̄йъ ә̄йъ | ||||||
| /æi/ | /æiː/ | /æiˤ/ | /æiˤː/ |
- ⟨щ⟩ only occurs in Russian loanwords.
|
}} PhonologyConsonants
Vowels
ProsodyStress is phonemic, most often either stem-initial or directly after the stem (which shifts to stem-final with zero-suffixes). PhonotacticsGuimin has a maximum syllable structure of CCVCC. consonant-/m, n, l, r/ clusters cannot occur word-initially. MorphologyAlignmentGuimin has ergative-absolutive morphosyntactic alignment. NounsNouns inflect for case and number, and are gendered masculine, feminine, or neuter. Cases are split into absolutive (including genitive 1) and oblique. Genitive 1 and 2 are used with absolutive and absolutive (not including genitive 1) head nouns respectively. Some nouns also have suppletive oblique stems.
Demonstratives and pronounsPronouns inflect for the same categories as nouns. First-person plural pronouns also mark clusivity, and third-person pronouns mark gender. Guimin third-person masculine singular pronouns also function as demonstratives, and when used as such often absolutive сә is treated as the stem inflected as a first-declension noun.
Locative casesA number of locative cases can be applied to nouns (including demonstratives and pronouns).
Locative suffixes are applied to the ergative stem of the noun, and in plural nouns follows ergative plural marking. VerbsGuimin has 22 light verbs from which all others are derived. They inflect for tense, aspect, mood, voice, patient number and gender, and other optional categories.
Verbs are most often derived by pairing a light verb with either a following adjective or a preceding absolutive noun. When an absolutive noun is part of a complex verb, the clause's patient is instead marked as dative. Other verb markersTense, aspect, and moodA number of tense-aspect combinations are formed by compounding verbs.
Four mood suffixes can be applied to indicative verbs: subjunctive -кьи, conditional -ссә, counterfactual -(й)ә̄й, and abilitative -ыъ. ConverbsThere are two converbs: relative/attributive -ды which puts no restriction on its verb's inflection, and simultaneous -цы which can only be applied to imperfective verbs. Valency modifiersVerb valency can be increased and decreased with suffixes -гьэ and -ухъ respectively. These suffixes are also mostly used to derive new verbs, for example диркӏ, диркӏгьэ "to see, to look" and вӣд, вӣдухъ "to know, to think." CausativesCausative verbs are marked with particles preceding the causee. These particles agree with the causer's gender: masculine вит, feminine вәт, neuter уът. If present in the clause, the causer is marked as the agent of the verb, and the causee is put in the absolutive. Reflexives and reciprocalsFor reflexives see Demonstratives and pronouns. Reciprocals are marked with a verb suffix -зәм. QuestionsQuestions are marked either with interrogative proforms or an interrogative verb suffix: -ма for polar questions, and -май for mediative questions. Verb affix order
AdjectivesAdjectives agree with their head noun in case, number, and gender.
The absolutive singular prefixes тӏ(ә)-, ццӏ(а)-, с(ә)- are optional and most often used for disambiguation. Comparative and superlative adjectives are preceded by particles е and бәч respectively, and compared nouns use the equative case. EvidentialityWitness and nonwitness evidence are marked with clause-initial particles ыг and гӯ respectively. Gnomic clauses use neither particle. Reportative clauses use a separate particle that agrees in gender with the reportee: masculine кӏу, feminine кӏо, neuter ккӏа. If the reportee is included in or near the clause the reportative particle follows the reportee, otherwise it is clause-initial. Negation and prohibitivesClauses are negated with a verb clitic ни-, or an emphatic equivalent вэ̄-. These clitics can also function as preceding particles to negate individual words, and as negative interjections. Prohibitive verbs are marked with a preceding particle мӣ plus imperative inflection. PostpositionsNumeralsGuimin uses base-20 numerals, except past 1000 where base-10 is used.
Numerals 1-4 have irregular ordinal forms пӏӯв, двиъчӏ, тӏыриътӏ, кӏтӏвытӏ, other ordinals are marked by -(ы)тӏ. Distributive and collective numerals are marked by -ар and -ла respectively. SyntaxConstituent orderThe predominant word order is SOV, but word order is very flexible. Noun and verb phrasesNumerals precede their head. Genitives, possessives, and adjectives may either precede or follow their head. Adverbs follow their head. Dependent clausesDependent clauses follow the head they modify after any other modifiers, and are generally marked with the attributive. Example textsUniversal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1Гӯ мәнвис виъсәм муъкӏтӏмими гьу вэ̄кьӏмими карә̄мэ̄с гьу гьуъкъӯкъә̄м упӏрә. Гӯ әъкь гьу виджд дӯрә гьу тӣнтӏзәм такэ̄ бырэ̄тӏ гӯъдэчэ̄. Гӯ NWIT мәнвис human.ABS-PL.ABS виъсәм all-M.PL.ABS муъкӏтӏмими free-ADJ.NZ-COM гьу and вэ̄кьӏмими equal-ADJ.NZ-COM карә̄мэ̄с dignity-SG.GEN2 гьу and гьуъкъӯкъә̄м rights-PL.GEN2 упӏрә. make.PFV.PASS.M.PL
Гӯ NWIT әъкь reason гьу and виджд conscience дӯрә give.PFV.PASS.M.PL гьу and тӣнтӏзәм do.PFV.PRES.M.PL такэ̄ should бырэ̄тӏ brother гӯъдэчэ̄. be.INF-LAT-GER-ADV Linguifex-hosted translationsConlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translationsOther resources |
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