Phrygian (Semitic): Difference between revisions

Revision as of 19:13, 1 September 2024

Phrygian
ƞpɛ́ucɑı préxai
Flag of the Principality of Smyrna
Pronunciation	[ˈprɛksɛː]
Created by	Vrianne
Date	2024
Setting	Alt-History Europe
Native to	Phrygia
Ethnicity	Phrygian
Language family	Afroasiatic Semitic West Semitic Central Semitic Phrygian
Early forms	Afro-Asiatic Proto-Semitic Proto-Phrygian Old-Phrygian Classical Phrygian Smyrna Dialect
Standard form	Standard Phrygian (xoүꝏ́үɑı ƞpɛ́ucɑı, Chonúnai préxai)
Official status
Official language in	Phrygia
Recognised minority language in	Eretna
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Phrygian (endonym: ʌɛmɑ́ү ƞpɛ́ucɑı, Lechán préxai, [lɛˈxaŋ ˈprɛksɛː]), also known as Prexian, is a Semitic language within the Afroasiatic language family. It is spoken mostly in the Principality of Smyrna, and in north- and southwestern Eretna, concentrated in the western half of Anatolia. The standardized form of Phrygian is mainly based on the metropolitan Smyrna Dialect (ɜíoɛr ᴇɯɛppɑ́, sjíuet Emerrá), one of the several regional dialects, which collectively descended from Classical Phrygian. The name Phrygian is a misnomer, as the classical Phrygian language, which used to be spoken very near to where the Semitic Phrygian tribes initially settled, is an Indo-European language closely related to Greek.

The historical development of Phrygian traces back to Classical Phrygian, which itself emerged from Old Phrygian. Classical Phrygian still survives as the liturgical language of the Church of Smyrna, one of the Greek Orthodox Churches.

Classification

History

Phonology

Standard Phrygian has 26 consonant phonemes and 11 vowel phonemes. Some coronal phonemes contrast between plain and velarized consonants.

**Standard Phrygian Consonants**
		Labial	Coronal		Palatal	Velar	Glottal
		Labial	Plain	Velarized	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n^[1]
Polsive	Voiceless	p	t	tˠ(ː)^[2] tˠː^[4]	c	k(ː)^[2]
Polsive	Voiced	b(ː)^[3]	d(ː)^[3]		ɟ ~ ɡ(ː)^[3] ^[5]
Affricate	Voiceless		t͡ʃ
Affricate	Voiced		d͡ʒ
Fricative	Voiceless	f	s ʃ	sˠ ʃˠ		x	h
Fricative	Voiced		z			ɣ	h
Trill/Tap			r
Approximant			l	ɫ(ː)^[2]	j

**Standard Phrygian Consonants**
	Front		Back
	Short	Long	Short	Long
Close	i	iː	u	uː
Mid	e^[6] ɛ	ɛː	ɔ	ɔː
Open	a aː^[7]

apart from when before velar consonants, /n/ has the allophone [ŋ] in coda positions following a back vowel or /a/.
/tˠ k ɫ/ may be unconditionally geminated by depending on speaker such that they do not contrast with /tˠː kː ɫː/.
/b d ɡ/ may be unconditionally geminated by older speakers such that they do not contrast with /bː dː ɡː/.
the phonemic contrast between /tˠ(ː)/ (spelled ⟨b⟩) and /tˠː/ (spelled ⟨r̃⟩) has largely disappeared among younger speakers, merging both into either /tˠ/ or /tˠː/. Older speakers who still retain the distinction always pronounce /tˠ(ː)/ ⟨b⟩ as [tˠ] and /tˠː/ ⟨r̃⟩ as [tˠː].
/ɡ/ is allophonically pronounced as [ɟ] near front vowels.
/e/ is realized as [e̝~ɪ].
/a aː/ are realized as [ɑ ɑː] near velarized consonants.

Orthography

Phrygian uses its own script, aptly named the Phrygian script (ɑ́ʌɛƞƞɛɜ ƞpɛ́ucɑıɜ, áleppesj préxaisj). The Phrygian script is an an alphabetic writing system developed specifically for the Phrygian language during the Classical Phrygian period mainly from the Greek script, which it supplanted. It also utilizes some letters of Aramaic origin to represent sounds not present in the base Greek alphabet, such as classical /ħ/ ⟨n⟩, /ʕ/ ⟨v⟩, /sˤ/ ⟨ր⟩, and /ʃˤ/ ⟨ɭ⟩. Though ever since its creation, multiple sounds have merged, leaving many redundant etymological letters such as /x/ ⟨x m n⟩, /ɣ/ ⟨ɼ v⟩, and /tˠ/ ⟨r̃ b⟩.

**Phrygian Alphabet**
Grapheme	Sound (IPA)	Source	Romanization	Grapheme	Sound (IPA)	Source	Romanization
ᴀ, ɑ	/a/	Greek α	a	ᴏ, o	/ɔ/, /f/^[2]	Greek ο	o, f
ʙ, ɓ	/f/	Greek β	f	ᴘ, p	/r/	Greek ρ	r
ʙ̰, ɓ̰	/b/	Greek β	b	ᴄ, c	/s/	Greek ϲ	s
г, ɼ	/ɣ/, /◌ː/^[1]	Greek γ	gh	ᴛ, r	/t/	Greek τ	t
г̰, ɼ̃	/ɡ/	Greek γ	g	ᴛ̰, r̃	/tˠ/	Greek τ	ț, țț
s, s	/d͡ʒ/	Greek δ	dj	ƞ, ƞ	/p/	Greek φ	p
s̰, s̃	/d/	Greek δ	d	x, x	/x/	Greek χ	ch
ᴇ, ɛ	/ɛ/	Greek ε	e	ꝏ, ꝏ	/u/	Greek ω	u
ч, ɥ	/z/	Greek ζ	z	m, m	/x/	Aramaic 𐡄	ch
q, q	/t͡ʃ/	Greek θ	tj	n, n	/x/	Aramaic 𐡇	ch
ɪ, ı	/i/, /j/^[2]	Greek ι	i	ь, b	/tˠ/	Aramaic 𐡈	ț
u, u	/c/	Greek κ	k	ⱻ, ɜ	/ʃ/	Aramaic 𐡎	sj
ṵ, ũ	/k/	Greek κ	q	ᴠ, v	/ɣ/, /◌ː/^[1]	Aramaic 𐡏	gh
ʌ, ʌ	/l/	Greek λ	l	ր, ր	/sˠ/	Aramaic 𐡑	ș
ᴡ, ɯ	/m/	Greek μ	m	ʟ, ɭ	/ʃˠ/	Aramaic 𐡋	șj
ʏ, ү	/n/	Greek ν	n	◌̔^[3]	/h/	Greek ◌̔	h

**Phrygian Alphabet digraphs**
Grapheme	Sound (IPA)	Source	Romanization
ᴀı, ɑı^[4]	/ɛː/	Greek αι	ai
ᴀo, ɑo	/ɔː/	Innovated during Classical Phrygian	au
ᴇı, ɛı^[4]	/e/	Greek ει	ei
oı, oı^[4]	/u/	Greek ου	u
ʟɭ, ɭɭ	/ɫ/	Innovated during Classical Phrygian	l̦, l̦l̦

When in coda position, ɼ, v, and ◌̔ are dropped with compensatory vowel lengthening, such as in ƞɛ́pɛɼ /ˈpɛrɛː/, ɥɛ́pɛv /ˈzɛrɛː/, and ɛ̔qɛ‛ /ˈhɛt͡ʃɛː/.
ɪ and o consonantally are /j/ /f/, such as in ıɛ́pɛu /ˈjɛrɛk/ and ɜɛʌoɑ́p /ʃɛlˈfar/.
When /h/ precedes a vowel, it is written as a diacritic above the vowel, otherwise it is written on its own. Both forms can be seen in pɛɛ̔‛ /ˈrɛhɛː/.
In order to distinguish /aj/ /ɛj/ /oj/ from /ɛː/ /e/ /u/, diaereses are usedː ɑï, ɛï, oï.

Grammar

Phrygian grammar is very similar of that of other Semitic languages, with some main differences being the retention of case declension and complex verb conjugation, and the loss of the construct state.

Like other Semitic languages, Phrygian relies on nonconcatenative morphology, inserting roots of three or more consonants that carry basic meanings into discontinuous patterns for all sorts of grammatical purposes. For example, from the root ◌̔-ƞ-c (h-p-s, "relating to speaking and vocalizing") can be derived:

ɛ̔ƞcóı, hepsú ("it was spoken")
ɛ̔ƞocɛү, héposen ("I must speak")
ɑ̔ƞɛc, hápes ("speaker")
ɑ̔ƞcɛɜ, hápsesj ("loudspeaker")
ɛ̔ƞɑ́cɛɜ, hepásesj ("speech")
o̔ƞc, hops ("word")

Nominals

Nouns

Phrygian nouns preserve a declension system for three cases (nominative, oblique, and vocative), two genders (masculine and feminine), two numbers (singular and plural), and state (definite and indefinite).

Masculine declension

Masculine nouns regularly form their plurals with -óı (-ú) in the nominative case and -í (-í) in the oblique and vocative cases. Their definite article is o̔ʌ (hol) in the nominative case and roʌ (tol) in the oblique case. They also tend to feature stem alteration between numbers:

ıɑoɯ (*iaum, "day"*)
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	(o̔ʌ) ıɑoɯ (hol) iaum	(o̔ʌ) ıoıɯóı (hol) iumú
Oblique	(roʌ) ıɑ́oɯɛ (tol) iáume	(roʌ) ıoıɯí (tol) iumí
Vocative	oɛx ıɑ́oɯɛ fech iáume	oɛ́xoɯ ıoıɯí féchom iumí

ɛɓ̰ (*eb, "father"*)
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	(o̔ʌ) ɛɓ̰ (hol) eb	(o̔ʌ) ɛɓ̰ɑүóı (hol) ebanú
Oblique	(roʌ) ɛ́ɓ̰ɛ (tol) ébe	(roʌ) ɛɓ̰ɑүí (tol) ebaní
Vocative	oɛx ɛ́ɓ̰ɛ fech ébe	oɛ́xoɯ ɛɓ̰ɑүí féchom ebaní

Feminine declension

Feminine nouns often end with -ɛɜ (-esj) in the nominative case and -ɑ́ (-á) in the vocative and regularly form their plurals by replacing them with -ɑ́ɜ (-ásj) in the nominative case and -ɑ́ɜɛ (-ásje) in the oblique and vocative cases. Their definite article is i̔ʌ (hil) in the nominative case and rıʌ (til) in the oblique case. They tend to not feature stem alteration between numbers:

ɛ́mɛɜ (*échesj, "sister"*)
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	(i̔ʌ) ɛ́mɛɜ (hil) échesj	(i̔ʌ) ɛmɑ́ɜ (til) echásj
Oblique	(rıʌ) ɛ́mɜɛ (hil) échsje	(rıʌ) ɛmɑ́ɜɛ (til) echásje
Vocative	oɛx ɛmɑ́ fech echá	oɛxɑ́ɜ ɛmɑ́ɜɛ fechásj echásje

ɜɛүm (*sjench, "sun"*)
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	(i̔ʌ) ɜɛүm (hil) sjench	(i̔ʌ) ɜɛүmɑ́ɜ (hil) sjenchásj
Oblique	(rıʌ) ɜɛ́үmɛ (til) sjénche	(rıʌ) ɜɛүmɑ́ɜɛ (til) sjenchásje
Vocative	oɛx ɜɛүmɑ́ fech sjenchá	oɛxɑ́ɜ ɜɛүmɑ́ɜɛ fechásj sjenchásje

Fossilized declensions

Vestiges of the Semitic dual number survive in irregular plurals of some nouns referring the things that come in pairs:

ós̃ɛï (*ódeï, "ear"*)
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	(i̔ʌ) ós̃ɛï (hil) ódeï	(i̔ʌ) os̃ɛıɑ́ (til) odeiá
Oblique	(rıʌ) ósɛ (hil) ódje	(rıʌ) osɑ́ı (til) odjái
Vocative	oɛx osɑ́ fech odjá	oɛxɑ́ɜ osɑ́ı fechásj odjái

xɛƞƞ (*chepp, "cup"*)
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	(i̔ʌ) xɛƞƞ (hil) chepp	(i̔ʌ) xɛƞƞɑ́ (hil) cheppá
Oblique	(rıʌ) xɛ́ƞƞɛ (til) chéppe	(rıʌ) xɛƞƞɑ́ı (til) cheppái
Vocative	oɛx xɛƞƞɑ́ fech cheppá	oɛxɑ́ɜ xɛƞƞɑ́ı fechásj cheppái

Adjectives

Phrygian adjectives follow their nouns and express gender agreement with the nouns they modify. They decline in much the same way nouns do:

rɑɓ (*taf, "fine; tender"*)
	Masculine		Feminine
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	rɑɓ taf	rɑɓóı tafú	rɑ́ɓɛɜ táfesj	rɑɓɑ́ɜ tafásj
Oblique Vocative	rɑ́ɓɛ táfe	rɑɓí tafí	rɑ́ɓɜɛ táfsje	rɑɓɑ́ɜɛ tafásje

ƞóũop (*póqor, "unimportant"*)
	Masculine		Feminine
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ƞóũop póqor	ƞoũpóı poqrú	ƞóũpɛɜ póqresj	ƞoũpɑ́ɜ poqrásj
Oblique Vocative	ƞóũpɛ póqre	ƞoũpí poqrí	ƞóũopɜɛ póqorsje	ƞoũpɑ́ɜɛ poqrásje

Pronouns

Phrygian pronouns decline just like the nominals, with the inclusion of person (1st, 2nd, and 3rd). Phrygian independently evolved standalone oblique pronouns from the enclitic forms to be used as verbal objects and vocative pronouns.

Phrygian frequently drops nominative pronouns with non-past verbal constructions, but not with past verbal constructions:

ᴄoıƞ pɛ́o̔‛ ıoı, Sup réhoh iu ("I will see it", pronoun dropped)
ᴇүɑ́ pɛ́ɛ̔ ıoı, Ená réhe iu ("I saw it", pronoun kept)

**Nominative Pronouns**
		Singular	Plural
1st person		ɛүɑ́ ená	ɛүɛ́n enéch
2nd person	Masculine	ɛүq entj	ɛ́үqoɯ éntjom
2nd person	Feminine	ɛүq entj	ɛ́үqɛı éntjei
3rd person	Masculine	oɛ fe	oɯ om
3rd person	Feminine	ıɛ ie	ɛıı eii

**Oblique/Vocative Pronouns**
		Singular	Plural
1st person		ɛ́ïıɛ éïie
2nd person	Masculine	ɑıx aich	ɑ́ıxoɯ áichom
2nd person	Feminine	ɑıx aich	ɑ́ıxɛï áicheï
3rd person	Masculine	ıoı iu	ıoɯ iom
3rd person	Feminine	ıɛ ie	ıɛï ieï

Phrygian employs its enclitic pronouns as possessive particles and objects of prepositions:

ƞípɛïx ıxóıү vɛ́ɯɛï, Píreïch ichún ghémeï ("Your book is with me)

**Enclitic Pronouns**
		Singular	Plural
1st person		-(ɛ)ï -(e)ï
2nd person	Masculine	-(ɛ)x -(e)ch	-(ɛ)xoɯ -(e)chom
2nd person	Feminine	-(ɛ)x -(e)ch	-(ɛ)xɛï -(e)cheï
3rd person	Masculine	-(‛)o -(h)o	-(‛)oɯ -(h)om
3rd person	Feminine	-(‛)ɛ -(h)e	-(‛)ɛï -(h)eï

Verbs

		Past		Present		Future
		Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
1st person		ƞɛ́qɛn pétjech		ƞɛ́qnɛu pétjchek	ıɛ́ƞqɛn iéptjech	coıƞ ƞɛ́qnɛu sup pétjchek	coıƞ ıɛ́ƞqɛn sup iéptjech
2nd person	Masculine			uɛ́ƞqɛn képtjech	uɛƞqɛnóı keptjechú	coıƞ uɛ́ƞqɛn sup képtjech	coıƞ uɛƞqɛnóı 'sup 'keptjechú
2nd person	Feminine			uɛƞqɛní keptjechí	uɛƞqɛnɑ́ keptjechá	coıƞ uɛƞqɛní sup keptjechí	coıƞ uɛƞqɛnɑ́ sup keptjechá
3rd person	Masculine			íƞqɛn íptjech	ıƞqɛnóı iptjechú	coıƞ íƞqɛn sup íptjech	coıƞ ıƞqɛnóı sup iptjechú
3rd person	Feminine			rɛ́ƞqɛn téptjech	ıƞqɛnɑ́ iptjechá	coıƞ rɛ́ƞqɛn sup téptjech	coıƞ ıƞqɛnɑ́ sup iptjechá

@@ Line 669: / Line 669: @@
 |-
 ! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
-| rowspan="5" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ƞɛ́qɛn'''<br /><span style="color:grey">''pétjech''</span>
+| rowspan="5" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ƞɛ́qɛn<br /><span style="color:grey">''pétjech''</span>
-| ƞɛ́qnɛu'''<br /><span style="color:grey">''pétjchek''</span>
+| ƞɛ́qnɛu<br /><span style="color:grey">''pétjchek''</span>
-| ıɛ́ƞqɛn'''<br /><span style="color:grey">''iéptjech''</span>
+| ıɛ́ƞqɛn<br /><span style="color:grey">''iéptjech''</span>
-| coıƞ ƞɛ́qnɛu'''<br /><span style="color:grey">''sup pétjchek''</span>
+| coıƞ ƞɛ́qnɛu<br /><span style="color:grey">''sup pétjchek''</span>
-| coıƞ ıɛ́ƞqɛn'''<br /><span style="color:grey">''sup iéptjech''</span>
+| coıƞ ıɛ́ƞqɛn<br /><span style="color:grey">''sup iéptjech''</span>
 |-
 ! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
 ! style="font-weight:bold;" | Masculine
-| uɛ́ƞqɛn'''<br /><span style="color:grey">''képtjech''</span>
+| uɛ́ƞqɛn<br /><span style="color:grey">''képtjech''</span>
-| uɛƞqɛnóı'''<br /><span style="color:grey">''keptjechú''</span>
+| uɛƞqɛnóı<br /><span style="color:grey">''keptjechú''</span>
-| coıƞ uɛ́ƞqɛn'''<br /><span style="color:grey">''sup képtjech''</span>
+| coıƞ uɛ́ƞqɛn<br /><span style="color:grey">''sup képtjech''</span>
-| coıƞ uɛƞqɛnóı'''<br /><span style="color:grey">'sup 'keptjechú''</span>
+| coıƞ uɛƞqɛnóı<br /><span style="color:grey">'sup 'keptjechú''</span>
 |-
 ! style="font-weight:bold;" | Feminine
-| uɛƞqɛní'''<br /><span style="color:grey">''keptjechí''</span>
+| uɛƞqɛní<br /><span style="color:grey">''keptjechí''</span>
-| uɛƞqɛnɑ́'''<br /><span style="color:grey">''keptjechá''</span>
+| uɛƞqɛnɑ́<br /><span style="color:grey">''keptjechá''</span>
-| coıƞ uɛƞqɛní'''<br /><span style="color:grey">''sup keptjechí''</span>
+| coıƞ uɛƞqɛní<br /><span style="color:grey">''sup keptjechí''</span>
-| coıƞ uɛƞqɛnɑ́'''<br /><span style="color:grey">''sup keptjechá''</span>
+| coıƞ uɛƞqɛnɑ́<br /><span style="color:grey">''sup keptjechá''</span>
 |-
 ! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
 ! style="font-weight:bold;" | Masculine
-| íƞqɛn'''<br /><span style="color:grey">''íptjech''</span>
+| íƞqɛn<br /><span style="color:grey">''íptjech''</span>
-| ıƞqɛnóı'''<br /><span style="color:grey">''iptjechú''</span>
+| ıƞqɛnóı<br /><span style="color:grey">''iptjechú''</span>
-| coıƞ íƞqɛn'''<br /><span style="color:grey">''sup íptjech''</span>
+| coıƞ íƞqɛn<br /><span style="color:grey">''sup íptjech''</span>
-| coıƞ ıƞqɛnóı'''<br /><span style="color:grey">''sup iptjechú''</span>
+| coıƞ ıƞqɛnóı<br /><span style="color:grey">''sup iptjechú''</span>
 |-
 ! style="font-weight:bold;" | Feminine
-| rɛ́ƞqɛn'''<br /><span style="color:grey">''téptjech''</span>
+| rɛ́ƞqɛn<br /><span style="color:grey">''téptjech''</span>
-| ıƞqɛnɑ́'''<br /><span style="color:grey">''iptjechá''</span>
+| ıƞqɛnɑ́<br /><span style="color:grey">''iptjechá''</span>
-| coıƞ rɛ́ƞqɛn'''<br /><span style="color:grey">''sup téptjech''</span>
+| coıƞ rɛ́ƞqɛn<br /><span style="color:grey">''sup téptjech''</span>
-| coıƞ ıƞqɛnɑ́'''<br /><span style="color:grey">''sup iptjechá''</span>
+| coıƞ ıƞqɛnɑ́<br /><span style="color:grey">''sup iptjechá''</span>
 |}
 ===Adverbs===
 ==Vocabulary==
 ==Example text==

Phrygian (Semitic): Difference between revisions

Revision as of 19:13, 1 September 2024

Contents

Classification

History

Phonology

Orthography

Grammar

Nominals

Nouns

Masculine declension

Feminine declension

Fossilized declensions

Adjectives

Pronouns

Verbs

Adverbs

Vocabulary

Example text

Navigation menu

Phrygian (Semitic): Difference between revisions

Revision as of 19:13, 1 September 2024

Classification

History

Phonology

Orthography

Grammar

Nominals

Nouns

Masculine declension

Feminine declension

Fossilized declensions

Adjectives

Pronouns

Verbs

Adverbs

Vocabulary

Example text

Navigation menu

Search