Sekhulla: Difference between revisions
(Created page with "{{Infobox language |image = Soc'ul'.png |imagesize = 185px |imagecaption = ''Jul soc'ul''', "Soc'ul' language" in the Wacag script |name = Soc'ul' |nativename = soc'ul' |pronunciation = so̞˧kʷʰu˩lˀ |pronunciation_key = IPA for Soc'ul' |state = Knrawi Isles |setting = [https://pollasena.fandom.com/wiki/Pollasena_Wiki Pollasena] |created = 2020 |fam1 = Wasc languages | Was...") |
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==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
''Soc'ul''', the language's autonym, is inherited from the [[Sekhulla]] autonym ''səkʰulːa'', from [[Wascotl]] ''*(cek)-cek-sole-la'' "our tongue". | ''Soc'ul''', the language's autonym, is inherited from the [[Sekhulla]] autonym ''səkʰulːa'', from [[Wascotl]] ''*(cek)-cek-sole-la'' "our tongue". | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Revision as of 12:53, 27 November 2024
| Soc'ul' | |
|---|---|
| soc'ul' | |
 Jul soc'ul', "Soc'ul' language" in the Wacag script | |
| Pronunciation | [so̞˧kʷʰu˩lˀ] |
| Created by | Dillon Hartwig |
| Date | 2020 |
| Setting | Pollasena |
| Native to | Knrawi Isles |
| Ethnicity | Cuoñ'o |
| Era | -1700 to -700 MT |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Knrawi Empire |
| Language codes | |
| CLCR | qsc |
 Range map of Soc'ul' (green) and Knrawi (pink), c. -1200 MT | |
Soc'ul' /ˈsoʊkʊl/ (Soc'ul': [so̞˧kʷʰu˩lˀ]) is a Sekhulla language spoken primarily by the Cuoñ'o people, with strong influence from Knrawi and other languages of the Knrawi Isles.
Etymology
Soc'ul', the language's autonym, is inherited from the Sekhulla autonym səkʰulːa, from Wascotl *(cek)-cek-sole-la "our tongue".
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | palatal | Velar | Labialized velar | Glottal | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ŋʷ | ||||||||||
| Stop | p | pʰ | b | t | tʰ | d | k | kʰ | kʷ | kʷʰ | ||||
| Fricative | fʰ | v | s ɬ | sʰ ɬʰ | z ɮ | ʃ | ʃʰ | ʒ | ɣ | ɣʷ | h | |||
| Approximant | r l | j | w | |||||||||||
- All voiced consonants can be geminated
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | ɨ | u | uː | ||
| Mid | ə | əː | ||||
| Low | a | aː | ||||
- /ɨ/ only occurs postvocalically.
Stress
Stress is variably final, penultimate, or antipenultimate.
Phonotactics
Syllables are at most (C)V(C).
Morphology
Alignment
Sekhulla has nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment.
Nouns and pronouns
Nouns are marked for class, number, case, and possession by particles before the noun as follows.
| ACC | POSS | PL | LOC | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | a | en | ez' | he |
| 2 | nej | hej | ||
| CL1/CL2 | nu | hé | ||
| CL3 | al | nil | ez'e | hel |
| CL4 | ax | nux | hex | |
| CL5 | ád | nid' | hed' |
- Nouns with suppletive plural forms do not use plural particles, and plural particles are not used on nouns modified by numerators.
Pronouns
Pronouns do not exist independently (except see Possession); the person and class of dropped nouns are instead only shown through verb agreement.
The demonstrative haːl can also be used as a pronoun.
Possession
Verbs
Aspect
Agreement
Verbs agree with the person and class of their agent and patient as follows.
| >1 | >2 | >CL1 | >CL2 | >CL3/CL4 | >CL5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | sec- | soc- | seic- | seh- | setn- | cu- |
| 2 | cor- | coz- | cor- | coh- | cox- | |
| CL1 | íús- | íúy- | aí- | íúh- | íún- | íū- |
| CL2 | har- | hau- | z'ai- | ∅- | han- | hu- |
| CL3 | in- | nau- | ixú- | nal'- | iy- | nu- |
| CL4 | an'- | ñ'o- | ñ'ai- | ñ'ih- | añ'- | u- |
| CL5 | us- | úu- | úi- | ba- | úx- |
- Intransitive verbs are marked with patient agreement of the agent's class, and impersonal verbs are unmarked.
Copula
The copula pazən inflects as follows.
| >1 | >2 | >CL1 | >CL2 | >CL3/CL4 | >CL5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | syen | suén | syíún' | sehan' | setnayn | sun' |
| 2 | coren | cozen | coríún' | coban' | coriyn | cun' |
| CL1 | íúsyen | íúzen | aíún' | íúban' | íúnen | íún' |
| CL2 | haryen | huén | hazíún' | hazen | harin' | hun' |
| CL3 | nasen | nuén | naíún' | nahlan' | nayn | nun' |
| CL4 | an'yen | ñ'ón | ñ'aíún' | ñ'iban' | ñ'in' | un' |
| CL5 | sén | uén | uaíún' | ban' | uinayn |
Adjectives and adverbs
Adpositions
Numerals
Sekhulla uses base-12 numerals.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| haːl | əh | ta | am | kʷi | kuː |
| 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| əzaːl | əːh | əda | əam | əɣʷi | ɬi |
| 13 | 24 | 144 | 1,728 | 20,736 | 248,832 |
| ɬi haːl | əh ɬi | əsʰi | ɬiɣan | əsʰiɣan | ɬi əsʰiɣan |
Nouns are not marked for number when using numerals.
Derivational morphology
Part-of-speech modifiers
-aʃ
The causative suffix -aʃ can be used productively on any verb, as well as being used nonproductively on some verbs deriving verbs of new meanings.
-suʃ
-suʃ can be used productively to derive adjectives.
Reduplication
Syntax
Constituent order
SVO or VSO order is most common, but word order is flexible.
Noun and verb phrases
All modifiers follow their head noun or verb, except aspect-mood particles precede verbs and the demonstrative haːl precedes nouns. Generally numerators follow adjectives and possessors follow all other modifiers, but otherwise modifier order is flexible.
Dependent clauses
Dependent clauses follow the head they modify after all other dependents, and are usually marked with a relativizer aːaːə-.