Brytho-Hellenic: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 1,332: Line 1,332:
The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''klyr''' (= "green"), '''porhyr''' (= "purple-red"), '''arwirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''klyr''' (= "green"), '''porhyr''' (= "purple-red"), '''arwirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.
[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
Line 1,424: Line 1,426:
|bronze-coloured
|bronze-coloured
|}
|}
[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]


===Fruit and vegetables===
===Fruit and vegetables===

Revision as of 19:39, 29 January 2013


Brytho-Hellenic
Elynig (to kaen)
Pronunciation[[Help:IPA|ɛ'lə:ni 'tɔ 'kai̯n]]
Created by
Native toElas to Kaen
Native speakers52 millions (2012)
Indo-European
Official status
Official language in
Elas to Kaen
Language codes
ISO 639-1el
ISO 639-2ely
ISO 639-3ely
Elas mini.gif
New Greece or "Elas to Kaen"

General information

Brytho-Hellenic, Brythohellenic or simply Neohellenic (the native name is Elynig) is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales. In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again. In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat. In 381 b.C. Conon the Athenian and his Greeks reach our Scilly Islands: they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the New Greece or Elas to Kaen (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

Phonology

Alphabet

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the Greek language to communicate, whereas the Latin language became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the Latin alphabet, maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes. As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 21 letters:

Letters Pronunciation Further informations
a [a] -
b [b] -
d [d] -
e [ɛ] it is always pronounced open
f [f] -
g [g] / [ʝ] / [h] ([x]) / [ ] in front of a, o, u it is always pronunced as in the English word get; in front of e, i, y it sounds like y in the English yet, but the tongue is positioned more frontward; when it precedes another consonant that is not w, it is pronounced like h in the English hot, even if some speakers tend to pronounce it as ch of the German ach, and others don't pronounce it at all; in the endings -eg and -ig it is not pronounced
h [h] -
i [i] / [j] often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
k [k] / [ʃ] in front of a, o, u it is always pronunced as in the English word kite; in front of e, i, y it sounds like sh in the English show
l [l] -
m [m] -
n [n] -
o [ɔ] / [o] it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
p [p] -
r [r] trilled just as in Italian
s [s] always voiceless
t [t] -
u [u] -
v [v] -
w [w] -
y [i] / [ǝ] / [e] / [j] in monosyllabic words it is read as [i], in polysyllabic words it is read [i] if in the last syllable, otherwise [ǝ]; often it is read [j] if precedes or follows another vowel; in the North-East the speakers pronounce it [e] in the positions where it should be pronounced [ǝ]

A circumflex accent over the y indicates that it is read as [i] even if it is in a position where it would be read as [ǝ] or [j], ex.: sŷvadh, "body" (IPA ['si:vað]).

Consonantal phonemes

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

Phonemes Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Stop p b t d k g
Affricate
Nasal m (ɱ) n (ŋ)
Fricative f v θ ð s ʃ ʝ (x) h
Approximant r̥ r j w
Lateral approximant l

In the South-Western area (our Cornwall) the h within words is pronounced as [x].

Vocalic phonemes

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

Phonemes
Opening Front Back
Closed i u
Mid-closed e o
Mid-open ɛ ɔ
Open a


Diphthongs and digraphs

In Brythohellenic there are 23 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

Diphthongs Pronunciation
ae, ai, ay [ai̯]
au [au̯]
ei, ey [ɛi̯] / [ei̯]
eu [ø]
ia, ya [ja]
ie, ye [jɛ] / [je]
io, yo [jɔ] / [jo]
iu, yu [ju]
oe, oi, oy [ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
wa [wa]
we [wɛ] / [we]
wi [wi]
wo [wɔ] / [wo]
wy [wi] / [wə]

Brythohellenic has got three digraphs: dh [ð], th [θ], and rh [r̥], which is rare enough.

Stress

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the Brythonic languages. Two main changes have been:

  • often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: σοφία > *σόφια > seif, "knowledge";
  • almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: καινός > kaen, "new"; θάνατος > thanadh, "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: thalas ['θalas], "sea" > thalasas [θa'lasas], "seas"; aelur ['ai̯lur], "cat" > aeluroe [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Grammar

Nouns, gender and number

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynig has got two genders - masculine and feminine - and two numbers - singular and plural. It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender. Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

  • oe, that is typical of masculine nouns;
  • ae, that is used with feminine nouns;
  • as, less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Unfortunately there are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of yth, "fish", is ŷthias; the plural of gy, "earth", is gae; the plural of yr, "water", is ydhas, and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few. Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

Singular Plural Gender Meaning Singular Plural Gender Meaning
lidh lidhoe masculine stone pud podas masculine foot
hyr hyrae feminine land oran oranoe masculine sky, heaven
kryvid kryvidas feminine shoe fys fŷdhas masculine light
biodh biodhoe masculine life lys lŷsae feminine language
thyr thyras masculine animal bivyl bivloe masculine book
eyv avae feminine love alŷvig alŷvigae masculine fox
koeran koeranoe masculine lord koerein koeranae feminine lady
einyr annyr masculine man gnyg gnaeg feminine woman
kyr keirdae feminine heart kefeil kefalae feminine head
tov tovoe masculine place kron kronoe masculine time
odhyr odhroe masculine morning yver yverae feminine day
dyl dylae feminine afternoon efer eferae feminine evening
nith nithas feminine night helyn helynae feminine moon
keldh keldhoe masculine priest kyldh keldhae feminine priestess
denyr denyras masculine tree gadh gadhas masculine hand
dyr deras masculine star omadh omadhas masculine eye
keidydh keidydhas masculine teacher fil filoe masculine friend
ethyr ethroe masculine enemy edhaer edhaeroe masculine lover
kyn kinoe masculine dog kom komoe masculine world

Loan words

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority". During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

Original word Singular Plural Gender Meaning
derwen darwyn darwenae feminine oak
derwydd darwydh darwydhas masculine priest, magician, druid
bryn bryn brynae feminine hill
nifwl nivyl nivloe masculine mist, fog
llyn lyn lynoe masculine lake
gwellt gweldh gweldhas feminine grass
ofydd ovydh ovydhas masculine ovate
bardos bard bardas masculine poet
awen awyn awenae feminine inspiration
bleydh bleydh bleydhas masculine wolf
lowarth lowarth lowarthas feminine paradise

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ουάτις, a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*vatis), comes gweidh, "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ofydd, that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain. Another example is the word bard, that has substituted the Ancient Greek ἀοιδός, whose descendant, awid, has got the meaning of "artist". Even the word awyn has substituted another Greek word, daevon < *δαιμόνος < δαιμόνιον, that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural Awenae is also used to mean Mosae, plural of Mos < Mοῦσα, "Muse".

Formation of feminine

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender. Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

  • -yr (pl. -(y)rae), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with -ydh and denoting agent, ex.: melbydh (= "singer") > melbydhyr (plural: melbydhrae);
  • -ein (pl. -anae), added to many nouns, ex.: ethyr > ethrein (plural: ethranae); fil > filein (plural: filanae);
  • -ei- (pl. -a-ae), that replaces the ending a + consonant of many masculine nouns, ex.: elaf (= "deer") > eleif (plural: elafae); maw (= "sorcerer") > meiw (= "witch") (plural: mawae).

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: keldh > kyldh (plural: keldhae).

Articles

Brythohellenic hasn't got indefinite article, to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: aelur means both "a cat" and "cat", and gnaeg means both "some women" and "women". There is only one kind of article, the definite one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations. The definite article has got one invariable form, to, that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: to omyr, "the rain"; to sŷvadh, "the body"; to lŷsae, "the languages"; to nysoe, "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynig the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

  • to omyr > omyr to sŷrin (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
  • to nysoe > nysoe to euwedhoe (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

  • Elas (= "Greece") > Elas to Kaen (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
  • Elyn (= "Helena") > Elyn to plyd kalin (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word Elas to mean Elas to Kaen, while the "Old Greece" is known as Elas to Paladh.

Adjectives

Elynig adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, to, is put between the noun and the adjective. Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, ending in -oe, and one for feminine, ending in -ae. Some adjectives:

Singular Masculine plural Feminine plural Meaning Singular Masculine plural Feminine plural Meaning
ywydh ywydhoe ywydhae good keigin keiginoe keiginae bad
magar (f. magaer) magaroe magarae happy lyr lŷroe (!) lŷrae (!) sad
egrin egrinoe egrinae tall / high thaval thavaloe thavalae short
kalin kalinoe kalinae beautiful / goodlooking aehyr aehroe aehrae ugly
mal (f. meyl) maloe malae big / great migrin migrinoe migrinae little / small
paladh paladhoe paladhae old yvig yvigoe yvigae young
thenar thenaroe thenarae strong athyn athynoe athynae weak
thervin thervinoe thervinae hot sŷrin sŷrinoe sŷrinae cold
frigyd frigŷdoe (!) frigŷdae (!) terrible plys plysoe plysae near / close
aveghyn aveghŷnoe (!) aveghŷnae (!) far / distant kymig kymigoe kymigae tired

Some usage examples:

  • migrin + aelur > aelur migrin (= "(a) little cat");
  • mal + to einyr > einyr to mal (= "the big man");
  • kymig + to koerein vuh > koerein vuh to kymig (= "my tired lady").

Comparative

The higher degree comparative is usually formed with the word wa that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by y ex.:

  • Andh wa kalin y denyr > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix -yn, ex.:

  • Andh kaldhyn y denyr > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The same degree comparative is formed with the periphrasis udhys + adjective + yfer, ex.:

  • Andh udhys kalin yfer denyr > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The lower degree comparative is formed with the periphrasis yvon or mŷon + adjective + y, ex.:

  • Andh yvon/mŷon kalin y denyr > A flower less beautiful than a tree.
Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

Positive Comparative Positive Comparative
ywydh arydhyn keigin ysyn
kalin kaldhyn reid (= "easy") rayn
migrin elasyn mal mysyn
polys (= "many/much") plydhyn alwyn (= "painful/agonizing") eildhyn

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

  • Hi's arydhyn y ey - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: arydhŷnoe vs. arydhŷnae. The -y- of the ending -yn becomes -ŷ- in the plural.

Superlative

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word plyd, that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with en (= "in") / evan (= "of"), ex.:

  • Andh to plyd kalin en to kom - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix -yd:

  • Andh to kalyd evan to kom - The most beautiful flower of the world.
Adjectives with an irregular superlative

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

Positive Comparative Superlative Positive Comparative Superlative
ywydh arydhyn eiryd keigin ysyn ygyd
kalin kaldhyn kalyd reid rayn rad
migrin elasyn eleighyd mal mysyn meyd
polys plydhyn plyd alwyn eildhyn alwyd


Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

Positive Comparative Superlative
paladh wa paladh / paladhyn plyd paladh / paladhyd
lyr wa lyr / lŷryn plyd lyr / lŷryd
egrin wa egrin / egrinyn plyd egrin / egrinyd
plys wa plys / plysyn plyd plys / plysyd

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: eiryd > eirŷdoe, eirŷdae. Even in the plural of superlative, the -y- of the ending -yd becomes -ŷ-.

Numerals

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

Number Cardinal Ordinal Number Cardinal Ordinal
0 uden - 1 eis prydh
2 dioh deudher 3 trys tridh
4 tethar tethardh 5 pen pendh
6 es eth 7 eft eudodh
8 oth owodh 9 neah enadh
10 deg degadh 11 enneg ennegadh
12 dydeg dydegadh 13 trydeg trydegadh
14 tethardeg tethardegadh 15 penneg pennegadh
16 edheg edhegadh 17 efteg eftegadh
18 othŷdeg othŷdegadh 19 neadeg neadegadh
20 iwaen iwaed 21 iwaen sin eis iwaed sin prydh
22 iwaen sin dioh iwaed sin deudher 30 iwaen-deg iwaendegadh
31 iwaen-deg sin eis iwaendegadh sin prydh 40 dioewaen dioewaed
50 dioewaen-deg dioewaendegadh 60 triwaen triwaed
70 triwaen-deg triwaen-degadh 80 tetharwaen tetharwaed
90 tetharwaen-deg tetharwaendegadh 100 egadh egadhod

From egadh on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

Number Cardinal Ordinal Number Cardinal Ordinal
200 diagesioe/ae diagesiod 300 trygesioe/ae trygesiod
400 tethragesioe/ae tethragesiod 500 pennagesioe/ae pennagesiod
600 esagesioe/ae esagesiod 700 eftagesioe/ae eftagesiod
800 othagesioe/ae othagesiod 900 enagesioe/ae enagesiod
1000 hilioe/ae hiliod 2000 diahilioe/ae diahiliod
3000 tryhilioe/ae tryhiliod 4000 tethrahilioe/ae tethrahiliod
5000 pennahilioe/ae pennahiliod 6000 esahilioe/ae esahiliod
7000 eftahilioe/ae eftahiliod 8000 othahilioe/ae othahiliod
10000 mirioe/ae miriod 11000 mirioe/ae sin hilioe/ae miriod sin hiliod
20000 dimirioe/ae dimiriod 100000 egadh-hilioe egadh-hiliod
500000 pennagesioe-hilioe pennagesioe-hiliod 1000000 kryn krynod
2000000 dioh krynoe deudher krynod 1000000 riagryn riagryd


Pronouns and kinds of adjectives

Personal pronouns

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: nominative, accusative, and dative.

Case 1st person
Singular Plural
Nominative ey vys
Accusative ve vas
Dative voe vin
Case 2nd person
Singular Plural
Nominative hi fy
Accusative se fas
Dative soe fyn
Case 3rd person
Masculine s. Feminine s. Masculine pl. Feminine pl.
Nominative o ŷ oe ae
Accusative ton tyn tus tas
Dative ty ty toes taes

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

  • Didu voe tyn - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun it is translated in Brythohellenic with ŷ. The feminine pronoun ŷ is written with the circumflex to be distinguished from the preposition y (= "than"). When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

  • Didu tyn brys to koerein - Give it to the lady;
  • Didu ty to kyn - Give her the dog.

Demonstratives

There are two demonstratives: udh (= "this") and egyn (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

Person Adverb Demonstrative Meaning
1st naudh udh this
2nd kyh egyn that
3rd

Demonstratives always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

  • To aelur udh - This cat.

Demonstratives also got plural forms:

Number Udh Egyn
Singular udh (f. aydh) egyn
Plural dhoe (f. dhae) egynoe (f. egynae)

Some examples:

  • Ey'v en to oeg udh - I'm in this house;
  • Ey erhyv e tho oeg egyn - I come from that house.

Possessives

Possessives are the same when they're used as both adjectives and pronouns and they can either take or not the article:

Person Possessive
ey vuh
hi suh
o tuh
ŷ tys
vys nyn
fy fyn
oe / ae tyn

Possessives derive from the ancient genitive of the personal pronouns and don't inflect. Here are some examples:

  • To aelur vuh > To vuh - My cat > Mine;
  • To kyn suh > To suh - Your dog > Yours;
  • To gny tuh > To tuh - His wife > His;
  • To einyr tys > To tys - Her man > Hers;
  • To thyr nyn > To nyn - Our animal > Ours;
  • To fil fyn > To fyn - Your friend > Yours;
  • To kyr tyn > To tyn - Their heart > Theirs.

Plural:

  • To aeluroe vuh > To vuh - My cats > Mine;
  • To kinoe suh > To suh - Your dogs > Yours;
  • To gnaeg tuh > To tuh - His wifes > His;
  • To annyr tys > To tys - Her men > Hers;
  • To thyras nyn > To nyn - Our animals > Ours;
  • To filoe fyn > To fyn - Your friends > Yours;
  • To keirdae tyn > To tyn - Their hearts > Theirs.

Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

Case Tis (who) Ti (what)
Nominative tis ti
Accusative ten ti
Dative ty ty
Genitive tun tun

Ex.:

  • Tis ys o? - Who is he?
  • Tis kalin kyn! - What a beautiful dog!
  • Tun ys to bivyl udh? - Whose is this book?
  • Ty elehas tyn? - Whom have you said it to?
  • To egyn ys to gny ten ey avyv - That is the woman whom I love.

Indefinites

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

Indefinite Meaning
ydhis someone/anyone
eidhi something/anything
mydys nobody
myden nothing
egad each
pan all
edher other
ovodh same, self

When pan is used as adjective, it has the singular form pas and the plural forms panas for masculine and pasae for feminine. Also edher has got plural: edheroe for masculine and edherae for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word ylin:

  • To ylinoe/ae - The others;
  • Krysys eidhi ylin? - Do you need something else?
  • Gnokys ŷ ydhis ylin? - Does she know someone else?

Vocabulary

Colour terms

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except white, black and red, colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people. There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as klyr (= "green"), porhyr (= "purple-red"), arwirin (= "silver") or hegin (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.
Colour terms
Source Brythohellenic English
μέλαινα (Ancient Greek) melaen black
κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin) kelaen; fyrg dark, obscure
λαμπρός (Ancient Greek) leimyr light, pale, fair
lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish) liwys (pl. liwŷs-) grey
gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish) gwyn white
φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh) faeglyr bright, lucid
rudhvelyn (Cornish), "orange" velin orange
ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish) ridhyr red
πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek) porhyr purple-red
gwaed (Welsh), "blood" gwaedin burgundy
crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)" krilysin violet, purple
ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India" ynnig indigo
χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass" klyr (pl. klŷr-); gwylsin green
ebron (Cornish), "sky" brenin light blue, cyan
θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea" thaleisin dark blue
mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey" mylin yellow
dur (Cornish), "earth" dyrin brown
χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold"; krysin; ŷrin golden
rosen (Cornish), "rose" rysin pink
ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star" arwirin; ysdrin silver
χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze" helgin; yvydhin bronze-coloured

Fruit and vegetables

Fruit and vegetables
Source Brythohellenic English
μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple" myl red apple
afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple" aval yellow apple, generic apple
κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince" kowyn (pl. kowŷn-) green apple
στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop" dalamadh grape
citreum (Latin) kidhyr lemon
χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple" krymyl orange
هلو (Persian), "peach" heulv peach
ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive" eladh olive
لیموترش (Persian), "lemon" lameutyr lime
κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry" keres cherry
ruber (Latin), "bright red" rywyr watermelon
αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber" onwyr (pl. onwŷr-) cucumber
انجیر (Persian), "fig" neyar fig
ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple" nanas pineapple
sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry" syvyn strawberry