Kṽarna: Difference between revisions
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The past works almost the same as the presens, but instead of adding the pronouns to the stem of the verb, the pronouns are added to the stem of the verb + "gu" | The past works almost the same as the presens, but instead of adding the pronouns to the stem of the verb, the pronouns are added to the stem of the verb + "gu" | ||
ŧağa → ŧa- → ŧagu (past stem) | ŧağa → ŧa- → ŧagu (past stem)<br /> | ||
ŧagṽẽo¹ (I was)<br /> | |||
ŧagṽẽo¹ (I was) | ŧagulaña (you were)<br /> | ||
ŧagulaña (you were) | |||
¹When the pronoun start with a vowel, the "u" is being replaced with a ṽ | ¹When the pronoun start with a vowel, the "u" is being replaced with a ṽ | ||
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The past works almost the same as the presens, but instead of adding the pronouns to the stem of the verb, the pronouns are added to the stem of the verb + "la" | The past works almost the same as the presens, but instead of adding the pronouns to the stem of the verb, the pronouns are added to the stem of the verb + "la" | ||
ŧağa → ŧa- → ŧala (future stem) | ŧağa → ŧa- → ŧala (future stem)<br /> | ||
ŧalağẽo (I will be)<br /> | |||
ŧalalaña (you will be)<br /> | |||
=== Negation === | |||
Negation is indicated by a „đa“ directly after the stem of the verb. | |||
'''I do not like being in school'''<br /> | |||
Ẽojẽo koli gamađağẽo đağa<br /> | |||
Ẽo-jẽo koli gama-đa-ğ-ẽo đa-ğa<br /> | |||
''1SG-ALL school like-NEG-ğ-PRS.1SG be.inside-INF''<br /> | |||
I-to school like-not-I be inside<br /> | |||
Me school not like to be inside<br /> | |||
=== Questions === | === Questions === | ||
Revision as of 16:39, 12 December 2015
Kṽarna
| Kwarna | |
|---|---|
| Kṽarna | |
| Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|kʍarnɐ]] |
| Created by | Marvin Johanning |
| Date | 2015 |
| Setting | Used for official documents of the Institute for Jeïos, personal use |
Language isolate
| |
| Official status | |
| Regulated by | Institute for Jeïos |
History
Phonology
All vowels can be long. The vowels in paratheses are borrowed from other languages and are not native
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i (y) | u | |
| Mid | e (ø) ɛ | ə | ɔ o |
| Open | a | ɐ |
| Bilibial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||||
| Plosive | p b | t d | ɟ | k g | ʔ | ||||
| Affricative | t͡s | tʃ dʒ | |||||||
| Fricative | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | ʝ ç | ʁ χ | h | ||
| Approximant | (ʋ) | j | w ʍ | ||||||
| Trill | r r̥ | ||||||||
| Lateral fric. | ɬ | ||||||||
| Lateral app. | l | ||||||||
| Flap | ɾ |
Ortography
Kwarna uses the Latin alphabet with a couple of extensions
Grammar
Pronouns
| English | Kõraakii |
|---|---|
| I | Ẽo |
| You | Laña |
| He | Prasna |
| She | Krasna |
| It | Rasna |
| We | Ẽoler |
| You (pl.) | Lañaler |
| They | Prasnaler, krasnaler, rasnaler |
Articles
There are no articles in Kwarna. The accusative suffix "-juva" can be used to indicate that you are talking about a specific item
Conjugation
Presens Conjugation
ŧağa → to be -ğa is the stem of the verb. If the pronouns starts with a vowel (e.g. Ẽo), then the "ğ" stays. For any other case, the "ğa" is removed completly, and the pronoun is added to the remaining verb
ŧağa → ŧa(ğ) → ŧağẽo (I am) → ŧalaña (you are)
Past Conjugation
The past works almost the same as the presens, but instead of adding the pronouns to the stem of the verb, the pronouns are added to the stem of the verb + "gu"
ŧağa → ŧa- → ŧagu (past stem)
ŧagṽẽo¹ (I was)
ŧagulaña (you were)
¹When the pronoun start with a vowel, the "u" is being replaced with a ṽ
Future Conjugation
The past works almost the same as the presens, but instead of adding the pronouns to the stem of the verb, the pronouns are added to the stem of the verb + "la"
ŧağa → ŧa- → ŧala (future stem)
ŧalağẽo (I will be)
ŧalalaña (you will be)
Negation
Negation is indicated by a „đa“ directly after the stem of the verb.
I do not like being in school
Ẽojẽo koli gamađağẽo đağa
Ẽo-jẽo koli gama-đa-ğ-ẽo đa-ğa
1SG-ALL school like-NEG-ğ-PRS.1SG be.inside-INF
I-to school like-not-I be inside
Me school not like to be inside
Questions
To indicate a question, the word order is changed (like in English) and the suffix -zõ is added onto the verb. An example: Ikka wõri = I am
Wõrizõ ikka? [wø:ri'zø: ɪka] = Am I?