Jovlish: Difference between revisions

Line 2,581:

====Irregular verbs====

"Irregularity" in Jovlish verbs is an umbrella term that covers multiple types of anomalous verbs:

* '''Irregular weak verbs''', anomalous verbs that use weak endings

* '''Irregular strong verbs''', anomalous verbs that use strong endings

* '''the Copula'''

=====Irregular weak verbs=====

Irregular weak verbs are weak verbs that display some form of irregularity in their principle stems. A considerable portion of these verbs are continuations of Old English Irregular weak verbs, such as [[wikt:bringan#Old_English|bringan]] and [[wikt:bycgan#Old_English|byċġan]]. This subset of verbs has one for the present singular ({{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bű-}}, ''bű-''), one for the present plural and subjunctive ({{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|büc-}}, ''büc-''), and one for the past ({{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|boh-}}, ''boh-'').Only one Old English class 3 weak verb, [[wikt:secgan#Old_English|seċġan]], didn't get leveled and remains as an irregular weak verb with one stem for the present singular and past ({{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sē-}}, ''sē-'') and one for the present plural ({{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sec-}}, ''sec-'').

The rest of the irregular weak verbs tend to come about due to phonological processes either within Jovlish that cause a disparity in the stem of an otherwise regular weak old English verb (such as [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/222 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīvn}}], ''şīvn'') or from an already anomalous Old English class 2 strong verb that had unleveled stems (such as [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/309 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ītn}}], ''ītn'').

=====Irregular strong verbs=====

Irregular strong verbs behave similarly to irregular weak verbs but use strong endings instead. Irregular strong verbs can develop either from suppletion or from phonological processes similar to those found in irregular weak verbs.

=====''Pseudo-suppletion''=====

''Pseudo-suppletion'' is a phenomenon found in which the aforementioned phonological processes can diverge two stems of the same verb (normally in a present-past split) so much that they end up perceived as, and by extension behave as, having underwent suppletion, even though both stems come from the same Old English source verb. These verbs contrast with, but are treated identically to, verbs that have underwent actual suppletion (such as [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/150 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|gēn}}], ''gēn''). These verbs are a result of either already-anomalous Old English stems becoming less alike ({{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} ''jı-, dü-'' ← {{Abbtip|Old English|''ᴏᴇ''}} dō-/dē-, dy(d)-) or already-regular Old English stems becoming less alike ({{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} ''īt-, gu-'' ← {{Abbtip|Old English|''ᴏᴇ''}} ġēot-/ġēa(t)-, gu(t)-). The most common origin of these verbs is class 2 strong verbs beginning with ċ-/ġ-, and preeictably alternate with c-/g- based on the following vowel, levelling into a preudo-suppletive strong verb:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

! style="vertical-align:middle;" | Verb

! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Jovlish stems

! colspan="2" | Old English stems

|-

! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīzn}} ''şīzn'' ("to like")

| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīz-}} ''şīz-''

| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|kur-}} ''kur-''

| ċēos-, ċīes-, ċēas-

| cur-

|-

! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīn}} ''şīn'' ("to eat")

| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şī-}} ''şī-''

| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|kū-}} ''kū-''

| ċēow-, ċīew-, ċēaw-

| cuw-

|-

! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ītn}} ''ītn'' ("to shed")

| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īt-}} ''īt-''

| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|gu-}} ''gu-''

| ġēo-, ġīe-, ġēa-

| gut-

|}

=====the Copula=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

@@ Line 2,581: / Line 2,581: @@
 ====Irregular verbs====
+"Irregularity" in Jovlish verbs is an umbrella term that covers multiple types of anomalous verbs:
+* '''Irregular weak verbs''', anomalous verbs that use weak endings
+* '''Irregular strong verbs''', anomalous verbs that use strong endings
+* '''the Copula'''
+=====Irregular weak verbs=====
+Irregular weak verbs are weak verbs that display some form of irregularity in their principle stems. A considerable portion of these verbs are continuations of Old English Irregular weak verbs, such as [[wikt:bringan#Old_English|bringan]] and [[wikt:bycgan#Old_English|byċġan]]. This subset of verbs has one for the present singular ({{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bű-}}, ''bű-''), one for the present plural and subjunctive ({{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|büc-}}, ''büc-''), and one for the past ({{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|boh-}}, ''boh-'').Only one Old English class 3 weak verb, [[wikt:secgan#Old_English|seċġan]], didn't get leveled and remains as an irregular weak verb with one stem for the present singular and past ({{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sē-}}, ''sē-'') and one for the present plural ({{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sec-}}, ''sec-'').
+The rest of the irregular weak verbs tend to come about due to phonological processes either within Jovlish that cause a disparity in the stem of an otherwise regular weak old English verb (such as [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/222 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīvn}}], ''şīvn'') or from an already anomalous Old English class 2 strong verb that had unleveled stems (such as [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/309 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ītn}}], ''ītn'').
+=====Irregular strong verbs=====
+Irregular strong verbs behave similarly to irregular weak verbs but use strong endings instead. Irregular strong verbs can develop either from suppletion or from phonological processes similar to those found in irregular weak verbs.
+=====''Pseudo-suppletion''=====
+''Pseudo-suppletion'' is a phenomenon found in which the aforementioned phonological processes can diverge two stems of the same verb (normally in a present-past split) so much that they end up perceived as, and by extension behave as, having underwent suppletion, even though both stems come from the same Old English source verb. These verbs contrast with, but are treated identically to, verbs that have underwent actual suppletion (such as [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/150 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|gēn}}], ''gēn''). These verbs are a result of either already-anomalous Old English stems becoming less alike ({{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} ''jı-, dü-'' ← {{Abbtip|Old English|''ᴏᴇ''}} dō-/dē-, dy(d)-) or already-regular Old English stems becoming less alike ({{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} ''īt-, gu-'' ← {{Abbtip|Old English|''ᴏᴇ''}} ġēot-/ġēa(t)-, gu(t)-). The most common origin of these verbs is class 2 strong verbs beginning with ċ-/ġ-, and preeictably alternate with c-/g- based on the following vowel, levelling into a preudo-suppletive strong verb:
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|- style="font-weight:bold;"
+! style="vertical-align:middle;" | Verb
+! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Jovlish stems
+! colspan="2" | Old English stems
+|-
+! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīzn}}<br>''şīzn'' ("to like")
+| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīz-}}<br>''şīz-''
+| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|kur-}}<br>''kur-''
+| ċēos-, ċīes-, ċēas-
+| cur-
+|-
+! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīn}}<br>''şīn'' ("to eat")
+| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şī-}}<br>''şī-''
+| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|kū-}}<br>''kū-''
+| ċēow-, ċīew-, ċēaw-
+| cuw-
+|-
+! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ītn}}<br>''ītn'' ("to shed")
+| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īt-}}<br>''īt-''
+| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|gu-}}<br>''gu-''
+| ġēo-, ġīe-, ġēa-
+| gut-
+|}
+=====the Copula=====
 <div style=display:inline-grid>
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"