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TolsianR: Difference between revisions
→Pronouns
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===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
Pronouns are declined in four cases : nominative, accusative, dative and genitive. Except for the genitive, pronouns can be modified to express different politeness registers ; in the following table, the first form is neutral, the second form is casual / informal, and the third form is formal. The 2FORMAL pronouns express a higher degree of politeness, and would be used for instance to address a teacher, an employer, a political or religious figure, etc. It does not have an informal version, but does have an extra formal one, which could be used for instance for a king or a highly placed religious figure, a god, etc. The formal version of the regular 2SG pronoun then is used for instance with strangers, older family members, older coworkers or coworkers with a higher position, etc. The informal versions of the pronouns are usually used to address younger people, or close friends and relatives ; it then has an affectionate meaning. But if used to address a person of perceived lower status or position, despite no or little age difference, it becomes more of a disparaging connotation. | |||
In the genitive case, pronouns are not marked for formality levels, but they are marked for number, with the regular plural -c / -s. | |||
Pronominal possessive adjectives are marked for both gender and number. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Example | |+ Example | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! Nominative (subject) !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive | ! !! Nominative (subject) !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive !! Possessive adjective | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1SG | ! 1SG | ||
| æ̊ / ya <p> æ̊bi / yabi <p> œæ̊ / oya || me <p> mebi (mebe) <p> ome || mi <p> mibi <p> omi || mo, moc / mo, mos | | æ̊ / ya <p> æ̊bi / yabi <p> œæ̊ / oya || me <p> mebi (mebe) <p> ome || mi <p> mibi <p> omi || mo, moc / mo, mos || mine, minec / mines <p> mina, minac / minas <p> mini, minic / minis | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2SG | ! 2SG | ||
| tw / tu <p> twbi / tubi <p> œtw / otu || te <p> tebi (tebe) <p> ote || ti <p> tibi (tqibi / tshibi) <p> oti || to, toc / to, tos | | tw / tu <p> twbi / tubi <p> œtw / otu || te <p> tebi (tebe) <p> ote || ti <p> tibi (tqibi / tshibi) <p> oti || to, toc / to, tos || tine, tinec / tines <p> tina, tinac / tinas <p> tini, tinic / tinis | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3SG.masc | ! 3SG.masc | ||
| æ / ay <p> æbi / aybi <p> æœ / ayo || wm / um <p> wmbi / umbi <p> wmo / umo|| im <p> imbi (bim) <p> imo (oim) | | æ / ay <p> æbi / aybi <p> æœ / ayo || wm / um <p> wmbi / umbi <p> wmo / umo|| im <p> imbi (bim) <p> imo (oim) | ||
| rowspan=2 | co, coc / so, sos | | rowspan=2 | co, coc / so, sos || cine, cinec / sine, sines <p> cina, cinac / sina, sinas <p> cini, cinic / sini, sinis | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3SG.fem | ! 3SG.fem | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1PL | ! 1PL | ||
| cæ̊n / syan <p> bicæ̊n / bisyan <p> œcæ̊n / osyan || ne <p> nebi (nebe) <p> one || ni <p> nibi <p> oni || no, noc / no, nos | | cæ̊n / syan <p> bicæ̊n / bisyan <p> œcæ̊n / osyan || ne <p> nebi (nebe) <p> one || ni <p> nibi <p> oni || no, noc / no, nos || nine, ninec / nines <p> nina, ninac / ninas <p> nini, ninic / ninis | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2PL | ! 2PL | ||
| vw / vu <p> vwbi / vubi <p> œvw / ovu || ve <p> vebi (vebe) <p> ove || vi <p> vibi <p> ovi || vo, voc / vo, vos | | vw / vu <p> vwbi / vubi <p> œvw / ovu || ve <p> vebi (vebe) <p> ove || vi <p> vibi <p> ovi || vo, voc / vo, vos || vine, vinec / vines <p> vina, vinac / vinas <p> vini, vinic / vinis | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3PL.masc | ! 3PL.masc | ||
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|rowspan=3 | ce / se <p> cebi (cebe) / sebi (sebe) <p> oce / ose | |rowspan=3 | ce / se <p> cebi (cebe) / sebi (sebe) <p> oce / ose | ||
|rowspan=3 | ci / si <p> cibi / sibi <p> oci / osi | |rowspan=3 | ci / si <p> cibi / sibi <p> oci / osi | ||
| rowspan=3 | ico, icoc / iso, isos | |rowspan=3 | ico, icoc / iso, isos | ||
|rowspan=3 | icine, icinec / isine, isines <p> icina, icinac / isina, isinas <p> icini, icinic / isini, isinis | |||
|- | |- | ||
! 3PL.fem | ! 3PL.fem | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 2FORMAL | ! 2FORMAL | ||
| ææ̊ / ayya <p> œææ̊ / oayya || æe / aye <p> œæe / oaye || æi / ayi <p> œæi / oayi || æo, æoc / ayo, ayos | | ææ̊ / ayya <p> œææ̊ / oayya || æe / aye <p> œæe / oaye || æi / ayi <p> œæi / oayi || æo, æoc / ayo, ayos || ææ̊ne, ææ̊nec / ayyane, ayyanes <p> ææ̊na, ææ̊nac / ayyana, ayyanas <p> ææ̊ni, ææ̊nic / ayyani, ayyanis | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Other types of pronouns==== | |||
=====Interrogative pronouns and words===== | |||
<poem> | |||
who ? ƿ / wi | |||
what ? kea | |||
whose ? ƿdo / wido | |||
when ? pune / püne | |||
where ? don (dôn) | |||
why ? | |||
</poem> | |||
=====Relative pronouns and words===== | |||
<poem> | |||
who, whom - | |||
that - | |||
whose - dœte / dote | |||
when - | |||
where - | |||
why - | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||