Eta-Talmic: Difference between revisions

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The '''Talmic''' languages are a relatively isolated subbranch of the [[Quame languages|Quame]] language family. They are descended from '''Proto-Talmic''' ('''PTal''').
The '''Talmic''' languages are a relatively isolated subbranch of the [[Quame languages|Quame]] language family. They are descended from '''Proto-Talmic''' ('''PTal''').
==Phylogeny==
{{clade
  |label1=[[Thensarian|Noble Thensarian]]
  |1={{clade
      |label1=West Talmic
      |1={{clade
            |label1=Coffeebraic
            |1=Coffeebrew
            |label2=Pseudo-Germanic with mutations
            |2={{clade
                |1=Germano-Irish
                |2=Pseudo-Swiss German
              }}
            |3=Pseudo-Franco-Turkic
          }}
      |2=[[Bênôcian]]
      |3=[[Nurian]]
      |4=[[Andarin]]
    }}
}}
==Pre-Talmic sound changes==
==Pre-Talmic sound changes==
===Vowel shift===
===Vowel shift===

Revision as of 01:52, 22 March 2016

The Talmic languages are a relatively isolated subbranch of the Quame language family. They are descended from Proto-Talmic (PTal).

Pre-Talmic sound changes

Vowel shift

Laryngeal reflexes

*h

  • ihi ihu iha ihə > ī ū ē ī
  • ahi ahu aha ahə > ē ō ā ā
  • uhi uhu uha uhə > ī ū wa ū
  • əhi əhu əha əhə > i u a e
  • ihC uhC ahC əhC > īC ūC āC eC
  • Chi Chu Cha Chə > Ci Cu Ca Ce
  • hi- hu- ha- hə- > i- u- a- e-
  • -ih -uh -ah -əh > -ī -ū -ā -ē
  • ChC > CeC

*xʷ

  • ixʷi ixʷu ixʷa ixʷə > ī yu yo yu
  • axʷi axʷu axʷa axʷə > oy ow ō ō
  • uxʷi uxʷu uxʷa uxʷə > ī ū ō ō
  • əxʷi əxʷu əxʷa əxʷə > e u a o
  • ixʷC axʷC uxʷC əxʷC > ēC ōC ōC oC
  • Cxʷi Cxʷu Cxʷa Cxʷə > Ce Cu Ca Co
  • xʷi- xʷu- xʷa- xʷə- > e- u- a- o-
  • ixʷC axʷC uxʷC əxʷC > ēC ōC ōC oC
  • ixʷC axʷC uxʷC əxʷC > -ē -ō -ō -ō
  • CxʷC > CoC

*x̌

  • ix̌i ix̌u ix̌a ix̌ə > ē ō ē ē
  • ax̌i ax̌u ax̌a ax̌ə > ay aw ā ā
  • ux̌i ux̌u ux̌a ux̌ə > ē ō ō ō
  • əx̌i əx̌a əx̌u əx̌ə > e a o a
  • ix̌C ux̌C ax̌C əx̌C > ēC ōC āC aC
  • Cx̌i Cx̌u Cx̌a Cx̌ə > Ce Co Ca Ca
  • x̌i- x̌a- x̌u- x̌ə- > e- a- o- a-
  • -ix̌ -ux̌ -ax̌ -əx̌ > -ē -ō -ā -ā
  • Cx̌C > CaC

*x̌ʷ

  • ix̌ʷi ix̌ʷu ix̌ʷa ix̌ʷə > ye yo ē yo
  • ax̌ʷi ax̌ʷu ax̌ʷa ax̌ʷə > ay aw ō ō
  • ux̌ʷi ux̌ʷu ux̌ʷa ux̌ʷə > oy ow ō ō
  • əx̌ʷi əx̌ʷu əx̌ʷa əx̌ʷə > e u a o
  • ix̌ʷC ax̌ʷC ux̌ʷC əx̌ʷC > ēC ōC ōC oC
  • Cx̌ʷi Cx̌ʷa Cx̌ʷu Cx̌ʷə > Ce Ca Cu Co
  • x̌ʷi- x̌ʷu- x̌ʷa- x̌ʷə- > e- u- a- o-
  • -ix̌ʷ -ax̌ʷ -ux̌ʷ -əx̌ʷ > -ē -ō -ō -ō
  • Cx̌ʷC > CoC

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Denti-alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
central lateral plain labialized plain labialized
Nasal *m *n
Plosive plain *p *t *k *kʷ *q *qʷ
voiced *b *d *g *gʷ *ɢʷ
ejective *pʼ *tʼ *kʼ *kʷʼ *qʼ *qʷʼ
Fricative voiceless *s *h
voiced *z
Affricate plain *c
ejective *cʼ *ƛʼ
Approximant *y *w
Liquid *r *l

Vowels

a e i o u

ā ē ī ō ū

ay aw ey ew iw oy ow uy

āy āw ēy ēw īw ōy ōw ūy

Proto-Talmic phonology

  • qʷ ɢʷ qʷ' > q ɢ q'
  • p' t' c' ƛ' k' kʷ' q' qʷ' > f þ s ł x xʷ χ χ
  • s > h
  • c > s
  • ƛ > t
  • z > r / V_

Consonant inventory

Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Guānitzhūtł)
Labial Alveolar Lateral Palatal Velar Labiovelar Uvular Glottal
Nasal *m *n
Plosive voiceless *p *t *k *kʷ *q
voiced *b *d *g *gʷ
Fricative voiceless *s, *θ *x *xʷ *h
voiced *z, *ð
Approximant *l *j *w
Trill *r

Vocalic inventory

Front Central Back
Close *i *ī *u *ū
Mid *e *ē *o *ō
Open *a *ā

Diphthongs:

  • ai ei oi ui au eu iu ou
  • āi ēi ōi ūi āu ēu īu ōu

Proto-Talmic morphology

Nominal morphology

Nouns and adjectives had retained from Proto-Zachydic 6 cases (nominative, accusative, genitive/prepositional, allative, ablative, locative/instrumental), 3 numbers, 2 genders (masculine, feminine), and additionally possessive inflection for nouns. Like its daughter languages as well as Proto-Zachydic, Common Talmic is thought to have been a differential object marking language; only definite or specific direct objects were marked with the accusative case.

The essive case (*-ēri) was marginal, and was only used adverbially (cf. Th. -ēr adverbial suffix).

Some nouns took the "thematic" suffix/clitic *-ʔ with an uncertain meaning, a holdover from the classifier system in Proto-Zachydic.

Pronominal morphology

Proto-Talmic free pronouns can be reconstructed with less confidence because all case marking except as clitics and suffixes was eliminated.

Full personal pronouns

Possessive suffixes

Verbal morphology

Tense

The Proto-Talmic verbal system has converted the pre-existing aspect-based perfective/imperfective dichotomy into a time-based one (past/non-past). The irregularity of the past system is probably a result of conflation of many different parent aspect systems.

Aspect

The following aspect suffixes can be reconstructed:

  • prospective *-eh-
  • inceptive *-lʁa-
  • cessative *-mbe-

Mood

Proto-Talmic has kept many moods intact (imperative, desiderative, hortative, optative). The negative imperative used the prohibitive particle along with the hortative form, as in Proto-Zachydic. The moods are frequently collapsed by its progeny (e.g. jussive in Themsaran).

Thematic suffixes

Proto-Talmic saw the development of thematic vowels from derivational suffixes. Thematic vowels are found in many Talmic languages, but modern languages often generalize the a-paradigm to the expense of the others.

  • *-īn: basic verbs
  • *-a-īn: denominative or transitive verbs
  • *-e-īn: dynamic or reflexive verbs

TAM/subject affix paradigm

Todo: rederive past tense... they don't look like they could (all) be perfective suffixes.

Subject affixes
Present/Non-past
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex -īn -dir -mī
1.in - -ʁ-sē -n-sē
2 -r -r-sē -l-sē
3.m -m -iri- -ʁih
3.f -isi -tih
Simple past
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex -nʔe -sid -mā
1.in - -ʁʔā, -tar -nʔā, -taq
2 -rʔe -rʔā -lʔā
3.m -ā(-m) -ā-iri -ā-ʁih
3.f -ā-isi -ā-tih
Prospective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex -eh-īn -eh-dir -eh-mī
1.in - -eh-ʁsē -eh-nsē
2 -eh-r -eh-rsē -eh-lsē
3.m -eh-m -eh-iri- -eh-ʁēj
3.f -eh-isi -eh-tēj
Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - -ʁsi -nsi
2 -h -rsi -lsi
Hortative
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex -īn-ti -dis-ti -mī-ti
1.in - -ʁs-ti -ns-ti
2 -ti -rs-ti -ls-ti
3.m -m-ti -iri-ti -ʁih-ti
3.f -isi-ti -tih-ti
Desiderative
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex -īn-ʔi -dir-ʔi -mī-ʔi
1.in - -ʁsē-ʔi -nsē-ʔi
2 -r-ʔi -rsē-ʔi -lsē-ʔi
3.m -m-ʔi -iri-ʔ -ʁih-ʔi
3.f -isi-ʔi -tih-ʔi
Optative
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex -īn-aʔ -dir-aʔ -mī-aʔ
1.in - -ʁs-aʔ -ns-aʔ
2 -r-aʔ -rs-aʔ -ls-aʔ
3.m -m-aʔ -ir-aʔ -ʁ-aʔ
3.f -is-aʔ -t-aʔ

Other verbal affixes

Other reconstructible affixes include:

  • *-pe- potential (e.g. Thm. tacvéi 'know (a fact)' < tak-pe-īn 'be able to say')
  • *-re- passive
  • *-ina- causative, i.e. supply sb with sth to [verb]/a patient of [verb]
  • *-ska- causative
  • *az-, "towards" directional prefix.
  • the memory evidential prefix *ʔṇʔ-.

Proto-Talmic syntax

Basic word order was most likely SVO, as evinced by the order verb-object suffix in all daughter languages.

Sound changes to Proto-Talmic

Sound changes from Proto-Talmic

Vocabulary

  • *az- telic
    • Thm. ar-/as-
      • Núr. ar- superlative, intensive; s- telic