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! | !colspan=7|''laulla'' 'to sing' | ||
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Revision as of 13:18, 5 April 2016
L-Norwegian is a Finnic language spoken in User:IlL/Lõis's Norway.
Introduction
Phonology
All letters are pronounced as in Finnish except d which is pronounced /ð/, ë pronounced /ə/, ü pronounced /y/ and ie, uo, üö pronounced /iə, uə, yə/.
Stress is always on the first syllable.
Vowel harmony
a, o, u are back; ä, ö, ü, e are front; ë, i are neutral.
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
L-Norwegian has 14 cases. Nouns have five stems, the nominative, genitive, partitive, dative and partitive plural.
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | [NOM] | [GEN]-t |
Genitive | [GEN]-n | [PARTPL]-tën |
Partitive | [PART] | [PARTPL]-ta/tä |
Illative | [GEN]-ssën, [DAT]-n | [PARTPL]-ihën |
Inessive | [GEN]-ssa/-ssä | [PARTPL]-issa/issä |
Elative | [GEN]-sta/-stä | [PARTPL]-ista/istä |
Allative | [GEN]-llë | [PARTPL]-illë |
Adessive | [GEN]-lla/-llä | [PARTPL]-illa/illä |
Ablative | [GEN]-lta/-ltä | [PARTPL]-ilta/iltä |
Translative | [GEN]-ksi | [PARTPL]-iksi |
Essive | [GEN]-na/-nä | [PARTPL]-ina/-inä |
Abessive | [GEN]-hta/-htä | [PARTPL]-ihta/-ihtä |
Comitative | [GEN]-në | [PARTPL]-inë |
Instructive | [GEN]-n | [PARTPL]-in |
Example:
käsi 'hand, arm' | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | käsi | kädët |
Genitive | kädën | kästën |
Partitive | kättä | kästä |
Illative | kädëssën, kätën | käsihën |
Inessive | kädëssä | käsissä |
Elative | kädëstä | käsistä |
Allative | kädëllë | käsillë |
Adessive | kädëllä | käsillä |
Ablative | kädëltä | käsiltä |
Translative | kädëksi | käsiksi |
Essive | kädënä | käsinä |
Abessive | kädëhtä | käsihtä |
Comitative | kädënë | käsinë |
Instructive | kädën | käsin |
Verbs
Present tense:
Present | Past | Present Conditional | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
1 | [PRES]-n | [PRES]-hmë | [PAST]-n | [PAST]-më | [PRES]-ksin | [PRES]-ksimë |
2 | [PRES]-t | [PRES]-htë | [PAST]-t | [PAST]-të | [PRES]-ksit | [PRES]-ksitë |
3 | [PRES]-p | [PRES]-vat/vät | [PAST] | [PAST]-t | [PRES]-ksi | [PRES]-ksit |
Example:
laulla 'to sing' | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Past | Present Conditional | ||||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
1 | laulan | laulahmë | laulin | laulimë | laulaksin | laulaksimë |
2 | laulat | laulahtë | laulit | laulitë | laulaksit | laulaksitë |
3 | laulap | laulavat | lauli | laulit | laulaksi | laulaksit |