Húsnorsk: Difference between revisions
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Húsnorsk's phonological history is, for the most part, deeply understood. The development of certain consonants and vowels isn't fully understood, such as the mechanism behind Old Norse initial /x/ to Nygadsnorsk /k/, which is extremely poorly understood as it's not known what caused it nor where it happens. | Húsnorsk's phonological history is, for the most part, deeply understood. The development of certain consonants and vowels isn't fully understood, such as the mechanism behind Old Norse initial /x/ to Nygadsnorsk /k/, which is extremely poorly understood as it's not known what caused it nor where it happens. | ||
The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Old West Norse and Húsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be | The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Old West Norse and Húsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be italicized.. | ||
*/ar/ to /ɐ/. | */ar/ to /ɐ/. | ||
*/xʷ/ to /x/, the lost labialization affects the vowel, rounding or raising vowels. | */xʷ/ to /x/, the lost labialization affects the vowel, rounding or raising vowels. | ||
* | *''Masculine a-stems reformed to all end in -ʀ regardless of final consonant (Before /ʀ/ > /j/ due to some recorded misspellings)'' | ||
*/ʀ/ to /j/ | */ʀ/ to /j/ | ||
*/Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/) | */Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/) | ||
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*/l̩/ to /ul/, spelling doesn't change though (/gl̩/ seems to instead go to [ɣl]) | */l̩/ to /ul/, spelling doesn't change though (/gl̩/ seems to instead go to [ɣl]) | ||
*/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/ | */fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/ | ||
*/ð/ lost between two sonorants (/r, l, n, m, j, w/, but for some reason not OEN ʀ, which had merged with /j/ at this point) | |||
*<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals | *<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals | ||
*final nasals to nasalization when following a vowel, this always occurs in inflectional endings regardless if it's word final or not (see -anna > -ãna) | *final nasals to nasalization when following a vowel, this always occurs in inflectional endings regardless if it's word final or not (see -anna > -ãna) | ||
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===Nygadsnorsk=== | ===Nygadsnorsk=== | ||
*coda geminates to /ʰC/ when voiceless, to a fricative when voiced, and nasals to /PN/ (/n:/ > /tn/) | *coda geminates to /ʰC/ when voiceless, to a fricative when voiced, and nasals to /PN/ (/n:/ > /tn/) | ||
* | *''-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -ðr- throughout'' | ||
** | **''see Old Norse "annarr" and "mann" (accusative of "maðr") to Nygadsnorsk "adrarą" and "mad" (-nn > -d due to the next change)'' | ||
**Around the same time as the -ðr-/-nn- leveling, the masculine consonant stems are merged with the masculine a-stems | **''Around the same time as the -ðr-/-nn- leveling, the masculine consonant stems are merged with the masculine a-stems'' | ||
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/ | *Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/ | ||
**Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/) | **Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/) | ||
*/θ, ð/ to /t, d/ | */θ, ð/ to /t, d/ | ||
* | *''Genitive singular leveled to -s and -sins.'' | ||
* | *''Dative singular leveled to -i and -inum.'' | ||
*/sː/ to /ts/ when occupying coda only | */sː/ to /ts/ when occupying coda only | ||
*Word initial /x/ to /k/ when not in a cluster (Unknown why this is inconsistent, though it seems to happen more before long vowels) | *Word initial /x/ to /k/ when not in a cluster (Unknown why this is inconsistent, though it seems to happen more before long vowels) | ||
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*/iu, eu/ > /ju/ | */iu, eu/ > /ju/ | ||
*coda geminates shorten | *coda geminates shorten | ||
**-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -nn(j)- throughout | *nasals to nasalization before fricatives, seemingly only when place of articulation is the same (/mun.ðʀ/ > /mũðj/, but /bloːm.stʀ/ > /bloːmsj/ ) | ||
** | *''-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -nn(j)- throughout'' | ||
**''see Old Norse "ǫðrum" (dative plural of "annarr") and "maðr" to Jugsnorsk "onnú" and "mannj"'' | |||
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, œː, yː, yː, oː, uː/ | *Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, œː, yː, yː, oː, uː/ | ||
**Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/) | **Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/) | ||
*/r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/ | */r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/ | ||
*Genitive singular leveled to -s, words in -s now have a genitive in -ss | *''Genitive singular leveled to -s, words in -s now have a genitive in -ss'' | ||
*Dative singular leveled to -i, thus words like "ríki" have a dative "ríkí" | *''Dative singular leveled to -i, thus words like "ríki" have a dative "ríkí"'' | ||
*/Cj/ > /Cʲ/ (/k, g, x, n/ to palatal) | |||
*/ɣ/ to /g/ | */ɣ/ to /g/ | ||
*Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/ | *Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/ | ||
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**Overlong to plain long | **Overlong to plain long | ||
**Short shifts: /i, e, u, o, a/ > /ɪ, ɛ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/ | **Short shifts: /i, e, u, o, a/ > /ɪ, ɛ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/ | ||
**Long splitting: /iː, eː, ɛː, uː, oː, ɔː, yː, øː, aː/ > /ɪi, ei, ɛi, ʊu, ou, ɔu, ʏy, øy, au/ | **Long splitting: /iː, eː, ɛː, uː, oː, ɔː, yː, øː, œː, aː/ > /ɪi, ei, ɛi, ʊu, ou, ɔu, ʏy, øy, œy, au/ | ||
***mergers: /ei, ɛi/, /ou, ɔu/ | ***mergers: /ei, ɛi/, /ou, ɔu/, /øy, œy/ > /e̞i̯, o̞u̯, ø̞y̯/ | ||
**New vowel inventory: | **New vowel inventory: | ||
***Short: /ɪ, ɛ, ʏ, œ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/ | ***Short: /ɪ, ɛ, ʏ, œ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/ | ||
***Long: /ɪi, e̞i, ʏy, ø̞y, ʊu, o̞u, au/ | ***Long: /ɪi, e̞i, ʏy, ø̞y, ʊu, o̞u, au/ | ||
*Consonants followed by /f, s/ become aspirated. | *Consonants followed by /f, s/ become aspirated. | ||
*The odd /gl̩/ (still [ɣl]) becomes /i̯l/ | *The odd /gl̩/ (still [ɣl]) becomes /i̯l/ | ||
at some point both turn nasal vowels into long vowels. | at some point after -ðr-/-nn- leveling, both turn nasal vowels into long vowels. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||