Vindamal: Difference between revisions

← Older edit

VisualWikitext

@@ Line 238: / Line 238: @@
 ==Morphology==
-Vindamal is a predominantly analytic language with agglutinative features. It makes use of suffixation for nominal case and verbal tense, while maintaining relatively simple and predictable morphological patterns. Phonological adjustments such as vowel deletion and vowel harmony occur regularly and are described alongside the relevant morphological processes.
+Vindamal is a predominantly agglutinative language with a highly productive derivational morphology. It makes use of suffixation for nominal case and verbal tense, while maintaining relatively transparent and compositional word formation. Phonological adjustments such as vowel harmony and epenthesis occur regularly and are described alongside the relevant morphological processes.
+=== Derivational Morphology ===
+Derivational morphology is the primary mechanism of word formation in Vindamal. Both nominal and verbal suffixes may occur in the same derivational chain provided that category compatibility is maintained.
+Suffix order is governed by semantic scope and category compatibility. Suffixes closest to the root express the most immediate lexical meaning, while outer suffixes apply to the entire derived stem.
+==== Derivational Suffixes ====
+{| class="wikitable"
+! Suffix !! Meaning !! Input !! Output
+|-
+| -it || diminutive (“small/little X”) || noun || noun
+|-
+| -gar || augmentative (“large/great X”) || noun || noun
+|-
+| -aren || collective (“group of X”) || noun || noun
+|-
+| -lik || resemblance (“X-like”) || noun || descriptive stem
+|-
+| -sa || abundance (“full of X”) || noun || descriptive stem
+|-
+| -lika || stative (“to be like X”) || noun, descriptive || verb
+|-
+| -ja || inchoative (“to become X”) || noun, descriptive || verb
+|-
+| -vig || reflexive (“to do X to oneself”) || verb || verb
+|-
+| -na || reciprocal (“to do X to each other”) || verb || verb
+|-
+| -þar || locative (“place of X”) || noun, descriptive || noun
+|}
+==== Derivational Order ====
+When multiple suffixes are present, they generally follow this order:
+'''Root + (it/gar/aren) + (lik/sa) + (lika/ja) + (vig/na) + (þar)'''
+* Inner suffixes modify the lexical meaning of the root (size, collectivity).
+* Middle suffixes form descriptive or verbal stems.
+* Outer suffixes apply to the entire derived meaning.
+==== Category Compatibility ====
+Suffixes attach only to compatible stem types:
+* Nominal suffixes (-it, -gar, -aren) attach to nouns.
+* Descriptive suffixes (-lik, -sa) produce descriptive stems.
+* Verbal suffixes (-lika, -ja) attach to nouns or descriptive stems.
+* Verbal modifiers (-vig, -na) attach only to verbs.
+* Outer suffixes (-þar) attach to noun or descriptive stems.
+==== Stacking Behavior ====
+Derivational suffixes may stack freely as long as each suffix attaches to a valid input.
+Examples:
+* ''hylma'' → sunflower
+* ''hylmasa'' → full of sunflowers
+* ''hylmasaþar'' → place full of sunflowers
+* ''hylmalika'' → to be like a sunflower
+* ''hylmalikja'' → to become sunflower-like
+* ''hylmalikjana'' → to become sunflower-like mutually
+* ''hylmaren'' → group of sunflowers
+* ''hylmarenasaþar'' → place full of groups of sunflowers
+* ''malavig'' → to speak to oneself
+* ''malana'' → to speak to each other
+==== Epenthesis ====
+When suffixation produces an impermissible consonant sequence, an epenthetic vowel is inserted.
+The epenthetic vowel harmonizes with the preceding vowel of the stem.
+==== Notes ====
+* The suffixes ''-lika'' and ''-ja'' may stack directly:
+  * ''hylmalikaja'' → “to become like a sunflower”
+* Verbal suffixes require a valid verbal or descriptive input.
+* Not all suffixes must be present in a derivational chain.
+=== Prepositional Prefixes ===
+Vindamal makes extensive use of prepositional prefixes, which attach primarily to verbs and modify direction, orientation, spatial relation, or aspect. Prefixes may also attach to deverbal nouns.
+Prefixes precede the root and all derivational suffixes.
+General structure:
+'''(Prefix) + Root + (Derivational Suffixes)'''
+==== Prefix List ====
+{| class="wikitable"
+! Prefix !! Meaning
+|-
+| hol- || up
+|-
+| ken- || down
+|-
+| val- || out, far
+|-
+| jel- || in, near
+|-
+| nom- || west
+|-
+| nar- || south
+|-
+| pag- || east
+|-
+| vag- || north
+|-
+| hun- || toward, along
+|-
+| han- || away, off
+|-
+| tam- || behind
+|-
+| tuv- || forward
+|-
+| jag- || around, encircling
+|-
+| ser- || crosswise, in two directions
+|-
+| hal- || other, apart, separately
+|-
+| pom- || new, recently
+|-
+| se- || distributive (“everywhere, all over”)
+|}
+==== Prefix Behavior ====
+* Prefixes attach directly to the root.
+* Prefixes most commonly attach to verbs, but may also attach to deverbal nouns.
+* Prefixes modify the meaning of the root without changing its grammatical category.
+Examples:
+* ''valmala'' → to speak outward
+* ''jagmala'' → to speak around
+* ''holmala'' → to speak upward
+==== Prefix Stacking ====
+Multiple prefixes may occur, though this is rare.
+* When two prefixes occur, they appear in sequence before the root.
+* The outermost prefix appears first.
+* Primary stress remains on the root.
+* Secondary stress falls on the first prefix.
+Example:
+* ''sevalmala'' → to speak outward everywhere
+==== Distributive Prefix ''se-'' ====
+The prefix ''se-'' expresses distributive meaning (“everywhere,” “all over”).
+===== Gemination Rule =====
+When ''se-'' attaches directly to a root beginning with a single consonant, that consonant is geminated:
+* ''se + mala'' → ''semmala''
+Exceptions:
+* The consonants /h/ and /j/ do not geminate:
+  * ''se + hylma'' → ''sehylma''
+===== Prefix Interaction =====
+If another prefix intervenes between ''se-'' and the root, gemination does not occur:
+* ''se + val + mala'' → ''sevalmala''
+If the root begins with a consonant cluster, no gemination occurs:
+* ''se + praka'' → ''sepraka''
+===== Stress ====
+When ''se-'' is the first of two prefixes, it receives secondary stress:
+* ''sevalmala'' → [ˌse.valˈma.la]
 ===Nouns===