Linguifex

Lanikel orthography: Difference between revisions

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=== Syllabic Consonants ===
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). For the syllabic palatal nasal, the ⟨ñ⟩ is replaced with ⟨ny⟩, upon which the underdot can be placed ⟨ṇy⟩. Syllabic /ð̩/ is written with ⟨d⟩ instead of ⟨dh⟩, and so receives the underdot as ⟨ḍ⟩. Geminated syllabic consonants are only marked for syllabicity/tone on the final letter. The toneless syllabic consonant /j̍/ is instead written ⟨ÿ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Dorsal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|ɱ̩ '''ṃ'''
|
|n̩ '''ṇ'''
|ɲ̩ '''ṇy'''
|ŋ̩ '''ṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|v̩ '''ṿ'''
|ð̩ '''ḍ'''
|z̩ '''ẓ'''
|ʒ̍ '''ẓh'''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Oral
|w̩ '''ẉ'''
|
|l̩ '''ḷ'''
|j̍ '''ÿ'''
|
|-
!Nasal
|w̩̃ '''ňẉ'''
|
|l̩̃ '''ňḷ'''
|j̩̃ '''ňÿ'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
|
|
|ɾ̩ '''ṛ'''
|
|ʀ̩ '''ṛr'''
|}
=== Tones ===
High tone is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a circumflex (e.g. /í íː/ are ⟨í î⟩). High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.
Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.
Mid tone is marked with a grave accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a caron (e.g. /ī īː/ are ⟨ì ǐ⟩). Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /v̩̄/, however, is written ⟨ẅ⟩.
Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.
For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) and length are always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone or length diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Labial
! colspan="3" |Dental
! colspan="3" |Alveolar
! colspan="3" |Palatal
! colspan="3" |Dorsal
|-
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|ɱ̩˥ '''ḿ'''
|ɱ̩˧ '''ṁ'''
|ɱ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṃ'''
|
|
|
|n̩˥ '''ń'''
|n̩˧ '''ṅ'''
|n̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇ'''
|ɲ̩˥ '''ńy'''
|ɲ̩˧ '''ṅy'''
|ɲ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''
|ŋ̩˥ '''ńg'''
|ŋ̩˧ '''ṅg'''
|ŋ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|v̩˥ '''ŵ'''
|v̩˧ '''ẅ'''
|v̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṿ'''
|ð̩́˥ '''ð'''
|ð̩˧ '''ḋ'''
|ð̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḍ'''
|z̩˥ '''ź'''
|z̩˧ '''ż'''
|z̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓ'''
|ʒ̍˥ '''źh'''
|ʒ̍˧ '''żh'''
|ʒ̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Oral
|w̩˥ '''ẃ'''
|w̩˧ '''ẇ'''
|w̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩˥ '''ĺ'''
|l̩˧ '''ŀ'''
|l̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷ'''
|j̍˥ '''ý'''
|j̍˧ '''ẏ'''
|j̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ÿ'''
|
|
|
|-
!Nasal
|w̩̃˥ '''ňẃ'''
|w̩̃˧ '''ňẇ'''
|w̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩̃˥ '''ňĺ'''
|l̩̃˧ '''ňŀ'''
|l̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňḷ'''
|j̩̃˥ '''ňý'''
|j̩̃˧ '''ňẏ'''
|j̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňÿ'''
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɾ̩˥ '''ŕ'''
|ɾ̩˧ '''ṙ'''
|ɾ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṛ'''
|
|
|
|ʀ̩˥ '''ŕr'''
|ʀ̩˧ '''ṙr'''
|ʀ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''
|}
=== Multigraph Disambiguation ===
=== Multigraph Disambiguation ===
Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster.
Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster.
Polyphthongs are mostly written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together, but in cases with vowels that use digraphs, an overdot is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of a diphthong to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i͡e/ are ⟨ie iė⟩, and /a͡ʌ ɑ͡e a͡o͡e/ are ⟨aȯe aoė aȯė⟩). Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them (e.g.  /ɪ i.e/ are ⟨ie ië⟩, and /a.ʌ ɑ.e a.o.e/ are ⟨aöe aoë aöë⟩).
Polyphthongs are mostly written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together, but in cases with vowels that use digraphs, an overdot is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of a diphthong to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i͡e/ are ⟨ie iė⟩, and /a͡ʌ ɑ͡e a͡o͡e/ are ⟨aȯe aoė aȯė⟩). Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them (e.g.  /ɪ i.e/ are ⟨ie ië⟩, and /a.ʌ ɑ.e a.o.e/ are ⟨aöe aoë aöë⟩).
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
! colspan="12" |Multigraph Disambiguation (Short Phonemes)
! colspan="15" |Multigraph Disambiguation (Short Phonemes)
|-
|-
! colspan="6" |Consonants
! colspan="6" |Consonants
! colspan="3" |Syllabic Consonants
! colspan="6" |Vowels
! colspan="6" |Vowels
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |Digraph
! colspan="3" |Digraph
! colspan="3" |Trigraph
! colspan="3" |Trigraph
! colspan="3" |Digraph
! colspan="3" |Short Digraph
! colspan="3" |Short Digraph
! colspan="3" |Long Digraph
! colspan="3" |Long Digraph
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
Line 275: Line 447:
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
|-
|-
!Base
!Distinction
!Base
!Base
!Distinction
!Distinction
Line 290: Line 464:
|''chh''
|''chh''
|/t͡ʃː/
|/t͡ʃː/
! rowspan="2" |ṇy
|''ṇy''
|/ɲ̩/
! rowspan="3" |ie
! rowspan="3" |ie
|''ie''
|''ie''
Line 301: Line 478:
|''ch'h''
|''ch'h''
|/t͡ʃh/
|/t͡ʃh/
|''ṇ'y''
|/n̩j/
|''iė''
|''iė''
|/ie̯/
|/ie̯/
Line 309: Line 488:
|''c'hh''
|''c'hh''
|/ʔhː/
|/ʔhː/
! rowspan="2" |ńy
|''ńy''
|/ɲ̩˥/
|''ië''
|''ië''
|/i.e/
|/i.e/
Line 319: Line 501:
|''dhh''
|''dhh''
|/ðː/
|/ðː/
|''ń'y''
|/n̩˥j/
! rowspan="3" |uo
! rowspan="3" |uo
|''uo''
|''uo''
Line 330: Line 514:
|''dh'h''
|''dh'h''
|/ðh/
|/ðh/
! rowspan="2" |ṅy
|''ṅy''
|/ɲ̩˧/
|''uȯ''
|''uȯ''
|/uo̯/
|/uo̯/
Line 338: Line 525:
|''d'hh''
|''d'hh''
|/k͡ʇhː/
|/k͡ʇhː/
|''ṅ'y''
|/n̩˧j/
|''uö''
|''uö''
|/u.o/
|/u.o/
Line 348: Line 537:
|''dnn''
|''dnn''
|/ŋ͡ʇː/
|/ŋ͡ʇː/
! rowspan="2" |'ṇy'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ɲ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
! rowspan="3" |eo
! rowspan="3" |eo
|''eo''
|''eo''
Line 359: Line 551:
|''dn'n''
|''dn'n''
|/ŋ͡ʇh/
|/ŋ͡ʇh/
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'y'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/n̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''j/
|''eȯ''
|''eȯ''
|/eo̯/
|/eo̯/
Line 367: Line 561:
|''d'nn''
|''d'nn''
|/k͡ʇnː/
|/k͡ʇnː/
! rowspan="2" |ṇg
|''ṇg''
|/ŋ̩/
|''eö''
|''eö''
|/e.o/
|/e.o/
Line 377: Line 574:
|''ddz''
|''ddz''
|/d͡zː/
|/d͡zː/
|''ṇ'g''
|/n̩ɡ/
! rowspan="3" |oe
! rowspan="3" |oe
|''oe''
|''oe''
Line 388: Line 587:
|''d'dz''
|''d'dz''
|/k͡ʇd͡z/
|/k͡ʇd͡z/
! rowspan="2" |ńg
|''ńg''
|/ŋ̩˥/
|''oė''
|''oė''
|/oe̯/
|/oe̯/
Line 396: Line 598:
|''dd'z''
|''dd'z''
|/k͡ʇːz/
|/k͡ʇːz/
|''ń'g''
|/n̩˥ɡ/
|''oë''
|''oë''
|/o.e/
|/o.e/
Line 406: Line 610:
|''hll''
|''hll''
|/ʎ̝̊ː/
|/ʎ̝̊ː/
! rowspan="2" |ṅg
|''ṅg''
|/ŋ̩˧/
! rowspan="3" |ao
! rowspan="3" |ao
|''ao''
|''ao''
Line 417: Line 624:
|''hl'l''
|''hl'l''
|/ʎ̝̊l/
|/ʎ̝̊l/
|''ṅ'g''
|/n̩˧ɡ/
|''aȯ''
|''aȯ''
|/ao̯/
|/ao̯/
Line 425: Line 634:
|''h'll''
|''h'll''
|/hlː/
|/hlː/
! rowspan="2" |'ṇg'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ŋ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|''aö''
|''aö''
|/a.o/
|/a.o/
Line 435: Line 647:
|''ng''
|''ng''
|/ŋː/
|/ŋː/
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'g'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/n̩ɡ/
! colspan="6" rowspan="24" |
! colspan="6" rowspan="24" |
|-
|-
Line 441: Line 655:
|''ng'g''
|''ng'g''
|/ŋɡ/
|/ŋɡ/
! rowspan="2" |ẓh
|''ẓh''
|/ʒ̍/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|''n'gg''
|''n'gg''
|/nɡː/
|/nɡː/
|''ẓ'h''
|/z̩h/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |ql
! rowspan="2" |ql
Line 452: Line 671:
|''ql''
|''ql''
|/k͡ǃ¡ː/
|/k͡ǃ¡ː/
! rowspan="2" |źh
|''źh''
|/ʒ̍˥/
|-
|-
|''q'l''
|''q'l''
Line 457: Line 679:
|''q'ql''
|''q'ql''
|/k͡ǂk͡ǃ¡/
|/k͡ǂk͡ǃ¡/
|''ź'h''
|/z̩˥h/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|''qq'l''
|''qq'l''
|/k͡ǂːl/
|/k͡ǂːl/
! rowspan="2" |żh
|''żh''
|/ʒ̍˧/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |qn
! rowspan="2" |qn
Line 468: Line 695:
|''qnn''
|''qnn''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡ː/
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡ː/
|''ż'h''
|/z̩˧h/
|-
|-
|''q'n''
|''q'n''
Line 473: Line 702:
|''qn'n''
|''qn'n''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡n/
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡n/
! rowspan="2" |'ẓh'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ʒ̍˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|''q'nn''
|''q'nn''
|/k͡ǂnː/
|/k͡ǂnː/
|''<nowiki/>'ẓ'h'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/z̩˩h/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |qñ
! rowspan="2" |qñ
Line 484: Line 718:
|''qññ''
|''qññ''
|/ŋ͡ǂː/
|/ŋ͡ǂː/
! rowspan="2" |ṛr
|''ṛr''
|/ʀ̩/
|-
|-
|''q'ñ''
|''q'ñ''
Line 489: Line 726:
|''qñ'ñ''
|''qñ'ñ''
|/ŋ͡ǂɲ/
|/ŋ͡ǂɲ/
|''ṛ'r''
|/ɾ̩ɾ/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |
|''q'ññ''
|''q'ññ''
|/k͡ǂɲː/
|/k͡ǂɲː/
! rowspan="2" |ŕr
|''ŕr''
|/ʀ̩˥/
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |rrr
! rowspan="3" |rrr
|''rrr''
|''rrr''
|/ʀː/
|/ʀː/
|''ŕ'r''
|/ɾ̩˥ɾ/
|-
|-
|''rr'r''
|''rr'r''
|/ʀɾ/
|/ʀɾ/
! rowspan="2" |ṙr
|''ṙr''
|/ʀ̩˧/
|-
|-
|''r'rr''
|''r'rr''
|/ɾʀ/
|/ɾʀ/
|''ṙ'r''
|/ɾ̩˧ɾ/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |sh
! rowspan="2" |sh
Line 510: Line 759:
|''shh''
|''shh''
|/ʃː/
|/ʃː/
! rowspan="2" |'ṛr'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ʀ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|-
|-
|''s'h''
|''s'h''
Line 515: Line 767:
|''sh'h''
|''sh'h''
|/ʃh/
|/ʃh/
|''<nowiki/>'ṛ'r'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ɾ̩˩ɾ/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|''s'hh''
|''s'hh''
|/shː/
|/shː/
! colspan="3" rowspan="7" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |th
! rowspan="2" |th
Line 551: Line 806:
|''z'hh''
|''z'hh''
|/zhː/
|/zhː/
|}
=== Syllabic Consonants ===
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). For the syllabic palatal nasal, the ⟨ñ⟩ is replaced with ⟨ny⟩, upon which the underdot can be placed ⟨ṇy⟩. Syllabic /ð̩/ is written with ⟨d⟩ instead of ⟨dh⟩, and so receives the underdot as ⟨ḍ⟩. Geminated syllabic consonants are only marked for syllabicity/tone on the final letter. The toneless syllabic consonant /j̍/ is instead written ⟨ÿ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Dorsal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|ɱ̩ '''ṃ'''
|
|n̩ '''ṇ'''
|ɲ̩ '''ṇy'''
|ŋ̩ '''ṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|v̩ '''ṿ'''
|ð̩ '''ḍ'''
|z̩ '''ẓ'''
|ʒ̍ '''ẓh'''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Oral
|w̩ '''ẉ'''
|
|l̩ '''ḷ'''
|j̍ '''ÿ'''
|
|-
!Nasal
|w̩̃ '''ňẉ'''
|
|l̩̃ '''ňḷ'''
|j̩̃ '''ňÿ'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
|
|
|ɾ̩ '''ṛ'''
|
|ʀ̩ '''ṛr'''
|}
=== Tones ===
High tone is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a circumflex (e.g. /í íː/ are ⟨í î⟩). High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.
Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.
Mid tone is marked with a grave accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a caron (e.g. /ī īː/ are ⟨ì ǐ⟩). Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /v̩̄/, however, is written ⟨ẅ⟩.
Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.
For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) and length are always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone or length diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Labial
! colspan="3" |Dental
! colspan="3" |Alveolar
! colspan="3" |Palatal
! colspan="3" |Dorsal
|-
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|ɱ̩˥ '''ḿ'''
|ɱ̩˧ '''ṁ'''
|ɱ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṃ'''
|
|
|
|n̩˥ '''ń'''
|n̩˧ '''ṅ'''
|n̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇ'''
|ɲ̩˥ '''ńy'''
|ɲ̩˧ '''ṅy'''
|ɲ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''
|ŋ̩˥ '''ńg'''
|ŋ̩˧ '''ṅg'''
|ŋ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|v̩˥ '''ŵ'''
|v̩˧ '''ẅ'''
|v̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṿ'''
|ð̩́˥ '''ð'''
|ð̩˧ '''ḋ'''
|ð̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḍ'''
|z̩˥ '''ź'''
|z̩˧ '''ż'''
|z̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓ'''
|ʒ̍˥ '''źh'''
|ʒ̍˧ '''żh'''
|ʒ̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Oral
|w̩˥ '''ẃ'''
|w̩˧ '''ẇ'''
|w̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩˥ '''ĺ'''
|l̩˧ '''ŀ'''
|l̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷ'''
|j̍˥ '''ý'''
|j̍˧ '''ẏ'''
|j̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ÿ'''
|
|
|
|-
!Nasal
|w̩̃˥ '''ňẃ'''
|w̩̃˧ '''ňẇ'''
|w̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩̃˥ '''ňĺ'''
|l̩̃˧ '''ňŀ'''
|l̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňḷ'''
|j̩̃˥ '''ňý'''
|j̩̃˧ '''ňẏ'''
|j̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňÿ'''
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|-
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
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|ɾ̩˥ '''ŕ'''
|ɾ̩˧ '''ṙ'''
|ɾ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṛ'''
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|ʀ̩˥ '''ŕr'''
|ʀ̩˧ '''ṙr'''
|ʀ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''
|}
|}
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