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Lanikel orthography: Difference between revisions

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|[[w:IPA_j|j]] '''y'''
|[[w:IPA_j|j]] '''y'''
|
|
|
|[[w:IPA_h|h̞]] '''ḥ'''
|-
|-
![[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
![[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
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|
|
|}
|}
Vowel digraphs can be written as such or with an ogonek on their initial vowel instead.
Vowels with the circumflex diacritics change diacritics based on suprasegmentals, specified later in this article.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!
!
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![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
|[[w:IPA_i|i]] '''i'''
|[[w:IPA_i|i]] '''i'''
|[[w:near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel|ɪ]] '''ie, į'''
|[[w:near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel|ɪ]] '''î'''
|[[w:near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel|ʊ]] '''uo, ų'''
|[[w:near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel|ʊ]] '''û'''
|[[w:IPA_u|u]] '''u'''
|[[w:IPA_u|u]] '''u'''
|-
|-
![[w:Mid_vowel|Mid]]
![[w:Mid_vowel|Mid]]
|[[w:IPA_e|e]] '''e'''
|[[w:IPA_e|e]] '''e'''
|[[w:mid_central_vowel|ə]] '''eo, ę'''
|[[w:mid_central_vowel|ə]] '''ê'''
|[[w:open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel|ʌ]] '''oe, ǫ'''
|[[w:open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel|ʌ]] '''ô'''
|[[w:IPA_o|o]] '''o'''
|[[w:IPA_o|o]] '''o'''
|-
|-
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|
|
|
|
|[[w:open_back_unrounded_vowel|ɑ]] '''ao, ą'''
|[[w:open_back_unrounded_vowel|ɑ]] '''â'''
|}
|}


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=== Tones ===
=== Tones ===
High tone on vowels is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a circumflex (e.g. /í íː/ are ⟨í î⟩).  
High tone on vowels is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a circumflex, the circumflex is replaced with a grave accent (e.g. /í ɪ́/ are ⟨í ì⟩).  


Mid tone on vowels is marked with a grave accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a caron (e.g. /ī īː/ are ⟨ì ǐ⟩).  
Mid tone on vowels is marked with a breve on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a circumflex, the circumflex is replaced with a tilde (e.g. /ī ɪ̄/ are ⟨ĭ ĩ⟩).  


Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.  
Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.  
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Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.  
Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.  


For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) and length are always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone or length diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.
For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) is always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
Line 216: Line 216:
![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
|í '''í'''
|í '''í'''
|ī '''ì'''
|ī '''ĭ'''
|ì '''<nowiki/>'i'''
|ì '''<nowiki/>'i'''
|ɪ́ '''íe, į́'''
|ɪ́ '''ì'''
|ɪ̄ '''ìe, į̀'''
|ɪ̄ '''ĩ'''
|ɪ̀ '''<nowiki/>'ie, 'į'''
|ɪ̀ '''<nowiki/>'î'''
|ʊ́ '''úo, ų́'''
|ʊ́ '''ù'''
|ʊ̄ '''ùo, ų̀'''
|ʊ̄ '''ũ'''
|ʊ̀ '''<nowiki/>'uo, 'ų'''
|ʊ̀ '''<nowiki/>'û'''
|ú '''ú'''
|ú '''ú'''
|ū '''ù'''
|ū '''ŭ'''
|ù '''<nowiki/>'u'''
|ù '''<nowiki/>'u'''
|-
|-
![[w:Mid_vowel|Mid]]
![[w:Mid_vowel|Mid]]
|é '''é'''
|é '''é'''
|ē '''è'''
|ē '''ĕ'''
|è '''<nowiki/>'e'''
|è '''<nowiki/>'e'''
|ə́ '''éo, ę́'''
|ə́ '''è'''
|ə̄ '''èo, ę̀'''
|ə̄ '''ẽ'''
|ə̀ '''<nowiki/>'eo, 'ę'''
|ə̀ '''<nowiki/>'ê'''
|ʌ́ '''óe, ǫ́'''
|ʌ́ '''ò'''
|ʌ̄ '''òe, ǫ̀'''
|ʌ̄ '''õ'''
|ʌ̀ '''<nowiki/>'oe, 'ǫ'''
|ʌ̀ '''<nowiki/>'ô'''
|ó '''ó'''
|ó '''ó'''
|ō '''ò'''
|ō '''ŏ'''
|ò '''<nowiki/>'o'''
|ò '''<nowiki/>'o'''
|-
|-
![[w:Open_vowel|Open]]
![[w:Open_vowel|Open]]
|á '''á'''
|á '''á'''
|ā '''à'''
|ā '''ă'''
|à '''<nowiki/>'a'''
|à '''<nowiki/>'a'''
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|ɑ́ '''áo, ą́'''
|ɑ́ '''à'''
|ɑ̄ '''ào, ą̀'''
|ɑ̄ '''ã'''
|ɑ̀ '''<nowiki/>'ao, 'ą'''
|ɑ̀ '''<nowiki/>'â'''
|}
|}
High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.
High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.
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=== Gemination ===
=== Gemination ===
Long vowels are written with a macron over the first letter. Geminated single-letter consonants are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphs are written by doubling their first letter.  
Geminated single-letter phonemes are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphs are written by doubling their first letter.  


Geminated syllabic consonants are marked by doubling the letter with the syllabic or tone diacritic. The syllabic geminate consonant /ʀ̩ː/ is only written with two marked ⟨r⟩s instead of two marked ⟨r⟩s and an unmarked one.  
Geminated syllabic consonants are marked by doubling the letter with the syllabic or tone diacritic. The syllabic geminate consonant /ʀ̩ː/ is only written with two marked ⟨r⟩s instead of two marked ⟨r⟩s and an unmarked one.  
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|''<nowiki/>'ṛṛ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛṛ''
|-
|-
! rowspan="12" |Vowel
! rowspan="8" |Vowel
! rowspan="3" |Toneless
! rowspan="2" |Toneless
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!iː
!iː
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!aː
!aː
!ɑː
!ɑː
! colspan="9" rowspan="12" |
! colspan="9" rowspan="8" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
!Grapheme
|''ī''
|''ii''
|''īe''
|''îî''
|''ūo''
|''ûû''
|''ū''
|''uu''
|''ē''
|''ee''
|''ēo''
|''êê''
|''ōe''
|''ôô''
|''ō''
|''oo''
|''ā''
|''aa''
|''āo''
|''ââ''
|-
|-
|''ī''
! rowspan="2" |High Tone
|''į̄''
|''ų̄''
|''ū''
|''ē''
|''ę̄''
|''ǭ''
|''ō''
|''ā''
|''ą̄''
|-
! rowspan="3" |High Tone
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!iː˥
!iː˥
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!ɑː˥
!ɑː˥
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
!Grapheme
|''î''
|''íí''
|''îe''
|''ìì''
|''ûo''
|''ùù''
|''û''
|''úú''
|''ê''
|''éé''
|''êo''
|''èè''
|''ôe''
|''òò''
|''ô''
|''óó''
|''â''
|''áá''
|''âo''
|''àà''
|-
|-
|''î''
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone
|''į̂''
|''ų̂''
|''û''
|''ê''
|''ę̂''
|''ǫ̂''
|''ô''
|''â''
|''ą̂''
|-
! rowspan="3" |Mid Tone
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!iː˧
!iː˧
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!ɑː˧
!ɑː˧
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
!Grapheme
|''ǐ''
|''ĭĭ''
|''ǐe''
|''ĩĩ''
|''ǔo''
|''ũũ''
|''ǔ''
|''ŭŭ''
|''ě''
|''ĕĕ''
|''ěo''
|''ẽẽ''
|''ǒe''
|''õõ''
|''ǒ''
|''ŏŏ''
|''ǎ''
|''ăă''
|''ǎo''
|''ãã''
|-
|-
|''ǐ''
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone
|''į̌''
|''ų̌''
|''ǔ''
|''ě''
|''ę̌''
|''ǫ̌''
|''ǒ''
|''ǎ''
|''ą̌''
|-
! rowspan="3" |Low Tone
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!iː˩
!iː˩
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!ɑː˩
!ɑː˩
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
!Grapheme
|''<nowiki/>'ī''
|''<nowiki/>'ii''
|''<nowiki/>'īe''
|''<nowiki/>'îî''
|''<nowiki/>'ūo''
|''<nowiki/>'ûû''
|''<nowiki/>'ū''
|''<nowiki/>'uu''
|''<nowiki/>'ē''
|''<nowiki/>'ee''
|''<nowiki/>'ēo''
|''<nowiki/>'êê''
|''<nowiki/>'ōe''
|''<nowiki/>'ôô''
|''<nowiki/>'ō''
|''<nowiki/>'oo''
|''<nowiki/>'ā''
|''<nowiki/>'aa''
|''<nowiki/>'āo''
|''<nowiki/>'ââ''
|-
|''<nowiki/>'ī''
|''<nowiki/>'į̄''
|''<nowiki/>'ų̄''
|''<nowiki/>'ū''
|''<nowiki/>'ē''
|''<nowiki/>'ę̄''
|''<nowiki/>'ǭ''
|''<nowiki/>'ō''
|''<nowiki/>'ā''
|''<nowiki/>'ą̄''
|}
|}
=== Disambiguation ===
=== Disambiguation ===
Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster.  
Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster.  


Polyphthongs are mostly written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together, but in cases with vowels that use digraphs, an overdot is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of a diphthong to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i͡e/ are ⟨ie iė⟩, and /a͡ʌ ɑ͡e a͡o͡e/ are ⟨aȯe aoė *aȯė⟩). Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them (e.g.  /ɪ i.e/ are ⟨ie ië⟩, and /a.ʌ ɑ.e a.o.e/ are ⟨aöe aoë aöë⟩).
Polyphthongs are written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together. Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them.
 
When there are two adjacent vowels with an overdot, both overdots are omitted. For example, ⟨aoe⟩ must always be read as /ao̯e̯/, and not rewritten as ⟨aȯė⟩.
 
The following chart provides the correct phonemic readings of all ambiguous digraphs, all ambiguous non-syllabic consonant trigraphs, and two exmaple vowel trigraphs.  
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
! colspan="15" |Multigraph Disambiguation
! colspan="15" |Multigraph Disambiguation
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|''ṇy''
|''ṇy''
|/ɲ̩/
|/ɲ̩/
! rowspan="3" |ie
!ie
|''ie''
|''ie''
|/ɪ/
|/ɪ/
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|''ṇ'y''
|''ṇ'y''
|/n̩j/
|/n̩j/
|''iė''
!
|/ie̯/
|''ië''
|/i.e/
|''īë''
|''īë''
|/iː.e/
|/iː.e/
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|''ńy''
|''ńy''
|/ɲ̩˥/
|/ɲ̩˥/
|''ië''
!
|/i.e/
|
|
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|-
|-
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|''ń'y''
|''ń'y''
|/n̩˥j/
|/n̩˥j/
! rowspan="3" |uo
!uo
|''uo''
|''uo''
|/ʊ/
|/ʊ/
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|''ṅy''
|''ṅy''
|/ɲ̩˧/
|/ɲ̩˧/
|''uȯ''
!
|/uo̯/
|''uö''
|/u.o/
|''ūö''
|''ūö''
|/uː.o/
|/uː.o/
Line 902: Line 857:
|''ṅ'y''
|''ṅ'y''
|/n̩˧j/
|/n̩˧j/
|''uö''
!
|/u.o/
|
|
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|-
|-
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|''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ɲ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|/ɲ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
! rowspan="3" |eo
!eo
|''eo''
|''eo''
|/ə/
|/ə/
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|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'y'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'y'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/n̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''j/
|/n̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''j/
|''eȯ''
!
|/eo̯/
|''eö''
|/e.o/
|''ēö''
|''ēö''
|/eː.o/
|/eː.o/
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|''ṇg''
|''ṇg''
|/ŋ̩/
|/ŋ̩/
|''eö''
!
|/e.o/
|
|
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|-
|-
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|''ṇ'g''
|''ṇ'g''
|/n̩ɡ/
|/n̩ɡ/
! rowspan="3" |oe
!oe
|''oe''
|''oe''
|/ʌ/
|/ʌ/
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|''ńg''
|''ńg''
|/ŋ̩˥/
|/ŋ̩˥/
|''oė''
!
|/oe̯/
|''oë''
|/o.e/
|''ōë''
|''ōë''
|/oː.e/
|/oː.e/
Line 975: Line 934:
|''ń'g''
|''ń'g''
|/n̩˥ɡ/
|/n̩˥ɡ/
|''oë''
!
|/o.e/
|
|
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|-
|-
Line 985: Line 945:
|''ṅg''
|''ṅg''
|/ŋ̩˧/
|/ŋ̩˧/
! rowspan="3" |ao
!ao
|''ao''
|''ao''
|/ɑ/
|/ɑ/
Line 996: Line 956:
|''ṅ'g''
|''ṅ'g''
|/n̩˧ɡ/
|/n̩˧ɡ/
|''aȯ''
!
|/ao̯/
|''aö''
|/a.o/
|''āö''
|''āö''
|/aː.o/
|/aː.o/
Line 1,006: Line 967:
|''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ŋ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|/ŋ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|''aö''
!
|/a.o/
|
|
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|-
|-
Line 1,018: Line 980:
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'g'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'g'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/n̩ɡ/
|/n̩ɡ/
! rowspan="8" |ieo (''example'')
!ieo
|''ieo''
|''ieo''
|/ie̯o̯/
|/ie̯o̯/
! colspan="3" rowspan="17" |
! colspan="3" rowspan="12" |
|-
|-
|''s'h''
|''s'h''
Line 1,030: Line 992:
|''ẓh''
|''ẓh''
|/ʒ̍/
|/ʒ̍/
!
|''iėo''
|''iėo''
|/iə̯/
|/iə̯/
Line 1,038: Line 1,001:
|''ẓ'h''
|''ẓ'h''
|/z̩h/
|/z̩h/
!
|''ieȯ''
|''ieȯ''
|/ɪo̯/
|/ɪo̯/
Line 1,050: Line 1,014:
|''źh''
|''źh''
|/ʒ̍˥/
|/ʒ̍˥/
!
|''iëo''
|''iëo''
|/i.ə/
|/i.ə/
Line 1,059: Line 1,024:
|''ź'h''
|''ź'h''
|/z̩˥h/
|/z̩˥h/
!
|''ieö''
|''ieö''
|/ɪ.o/
|/ɪ.o/
Line 1,068: Line 1,034:
|''żh''
|''żh''
|/ʒ̍˧/
|/ʒ̍˧/
!
|''iëö''
|''iëö''
|/i.e.o/
|/i.e.o/
Line 1,079: Line 1,046:
|''ż'h''
|''ż'h''
|/z̩˧h/
|/z̩˧h/
!
|''iëȯ''
|''iëȯ''
|/i.eo̯/
|/i.eo̯/
Line 1,089: Line 1,057:
|''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ʒ̍˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|/ʒ̍˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
!
|''iėö''
|''iėö''
|/ie̯.o/
|/ie̯.o/
Line 1,097: Line 1,066:
|''<nowiki/>'ẓ'h'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓ'h'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/z̩˩h/
|/z̩˩h/
! rowspan="4" |oua (''example'')
!oua  
|''oua''
|''oua''
|/ou̯a̯/
|/ou̯a̯/
|-
|-
! colspan="6" rowspan="8" |
! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |
! rowspan="2" |ṛr
! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |
|''ṛr''
! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |
|/ʀ̩/
!
|''oüa''
|''oüa''
|/o.ua̯/
|/o.ua̯/
|-
|-
|''ṛ'r''
!
|/ɾ̩ɾ/
|''ouä''
|''ouä''
|/ou̯.a/
|/ou̯.a/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |ŕr
!
|''ŕr''
|/ʀ̩˥/
|''oüä''
|''oüä''
|/o.u.a/
|/o.u.a/
|-
|''ŕ'r''
|/ɾ̩˥ɾ/
! colspan="3" rowspan="5" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |ṙr
|''ṙr''
|/ʀ̩˧/
|-
|''ṙ'r''
|/ɾ̩˧ɾ/
|-
! rowspan="2" |'ṛr'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ʀ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|-
|''<nowiki/>'ṛ'r'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ɾ̩˩ɾ/
|}
|}
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