Kliqel orthography

Kliqel is a dialect of Iskel which is primarily distinct from the others in its phonology. Therefore, its orthography differs from other dialects for both romanization and native script. Its orthography is quite similar to Lanikel's orthography, another dialect of Iskel, but has crucial differences.

Romanization

Consonants

Some consonants can be written with either digraphs or a non-ASCII monograph. Syllabic consonants are always written as digraphs, however.

Voiceless Consonant	Phoneme	p	t	q	b	t͡s	d͡z	k͡ʇʰ	k͡ʇ	k͡ǃ¡	k͡ǁ	k͡ǂ	ɸ	θ	s	ɬ	ç	χ	h
	Grapheme	p	t	q	b	ts	dz	cs	ct	kr	kl	ky	f	th	s	lh	ch	x	h
		p	t	q	b	ĉ	ẑ	cs	ct	kr	kl	ky	f	þ	s	ł	ç	x	h
Voiced Consonant	Phoneme	m	n	ɲ	ɴ	mʷ	nʷ	ɲʷ	ŋ͡ʇ	ŋ͡ǃ¡	ŋ͡ǂ	β	ð	z	ʝ	w	ɾ	l	j	r	ʀ
	Grapheme	m	n	ny	ng	mů	nů	nẙ	cn	kn	kñ	v	d	z	j	w	r	l	y	rr	g
		m	n	ñ	ŋ	mů	nů	nẙ	cn	kn	kñ	v	d	z	j	w	r	l	y	ř	g

Vowels

Vowels with the circumflex diacritics change diacritics based on suprasegmentals, specified later in this article.

Toneless Vowel	Phoneme	i	ɯ	u	e	ɤ	o	ɛ	ɔ	a	ɑ
	Grapheme	i	î	u	e	û	o	ê	ô	a	â

Syllabic Consonants

Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ɴ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). The toneless syllabic consonants /ʝ̍ j̍/ are instead written ⟨ẏh ẏ⟩.

Toneless Syllabic Consonant	Phoneme	m̩	n̩	ɲ̩	ɴ̩	m̩ʷ	n̩ʷ	ɲ̩ʷ	β̩	ð̩	z̩	ʝ̍	w̩	l̩	j̍	ɾ̩	ʀ̩
	Grapheme	ṃ	ṇ	ṇy	ṇg	ṃů	ṇů	ṇẙ	ṿ	ḍ	ẓ	ẏh	ẉ	ḷ	ẏ	ṛ	ṛr

Tones

High tone on vowels is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a circumflex, the circumflex is replaced with a grave accent (e.g. /í ɯ́/ are ⟨í ì⟩).

Mid tone on vowels is marked with a breve on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a circumflex, the circumflex is replaced with a tilde (e.g. /ī ɯ̄/ are ⟨ĭ ĩ⟩).

Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.

Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.

For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) is always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.

High Tone Vowel	Phoneme	i˥	ɯ˥	u˥	e˥	ɤ˥	o˥	ɛ˥	ɔ˥	a˥	ɑ˥
	Grapheme	í	ì	ú	é	ù	ó	è	ò	á	à
Mid Tone Vowel	Phoneme	i˧	ɯ˧	u˧	e˧	ɤ˧	o˧	ɛ˧	ɔ˧	a˧	ɑ˧
	Grapheme	ĭ	ĩ	ŭ	ĕ	ũ	ŏ	ẽ	õ	ă	ã
Low Tone Vowel	Phoneme	i˩	ɯ˩	u˩	e˩	ɤ˩	o˩	ɛ˩	ɔ˩	a˩	ɑ˩
	Grapheme	'i	'î	'u	'e	'û	'o	'ê	'ô	'a	'â

High tone syllabic consonants /ḿ̩ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ɴ̩́ ḿ̩ʷ ń̩ʷ ɲ̩́ʷ ź̩ ʝ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ḿů ńů ńẙ ź ýh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /β̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.

Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /β̩̄ j̩̄/, however, are written ⟨ẅ ÿ⟩.

High Tone Syllabic Consonant	Phoneme	m̩˥	n̩˥	ɲ̩˥	ɴ̩˥	m̩ʷ˥	n̩ʷ˥	ɲ̩ʷ˥	β̩˥	ð̩˥	z̩˥	ʝ̍˥	w̩˥	l̩˥	j̍˥	ɾ̩˥	ʀ̩˥
	Grapheme	ḿ	ń	ńy	ńg	ḿů	ńů	ńẙ	ŵ	ð	ź	ýh	ẃ	ĺ	ý	ŕ	ŕr
Mid Tone Syllabic Consonant	Phoneme	m̩˧	n̩˧	ɲ̩˧	ɴ̩˧	m̩ʷ˧	n̩ʷ˧	ɲ̩ʷ˧	β̩˧	ð̩˧	z̩˧	ʝ̍˧	w̩˧	l̩˧	j̍˧	ɾ̩˧	ʀ̩˧
	Grapheme	ṁ	ṅ	ṅy	ṅg	ṁů	ṅů	ṅẙ	ẅ	ḋ	ż	ÿh	ẇ	ŀ	ÿ	ṙ	ṙr
Low Tone Syllabic Consonant	Phoneme	m̩˩	n̩˩	ɲ̩˩	ɴ̩˩	m̩ʷ˩	n̩ʷ˩	ɲ̩ʷ˩	β̩˩	ð̩˩	z̩˩	ʝ̍˩	w̩˩	l̩˩	j̍˩	ɾ̩˩	ʀ̩˩
	Grapheme	'ṃ	'ṇ	'ṇy	'ṇg	'ṃů	'ṇů	'ṇẙ	'ṿ	'ḍ	'ẓ	'ẏh	'ẉ	'ḷ	'ẏ	'ṛ	'ṛr

Gemination

Geminated single-letter phonemes are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphs are written by doubling their first letter.

Geminated syllabic consonants are marked by doubling the letter with the syllabic or tone diacritic. The syllabic geminate consonant /ʀ̩ː/ is only written with two marked ⟨r⟩s instead of two marked ⟨r⟩s and an unmarked one.

Geminate Romanization
Consonant	Voiceless	Phoneme	pː	tː	qː	bː	t͡sː	d͡zː	k͡ʇʰː	k͡ʇː	k͡ǃ¡ː	k͡ǁː	k͡ǂː	ɸː	θː	sː	ɬː	çː	χː	hː
		Grapheme	pp	tt	qq	bb	tts	ddz	ccs	cct	kkr	kkl	kky	ff	tth	ss	llh	cch	xx	hh
			pp	tt	qq	bb	ĉĉ	ẑẑ	ccs	cct	kkr	kkl	kky	ff	þþ	s	łł	çç	xx	hh
	Voiced	Phoneme	mː	nː	ɲː	ɴː	mʷː	nʷː	ɲʷː	ŋ͡ʇː	ŋ͡ǃ¡ː	ŋ͡ǂː	βː	ðː	zː	ʝː	wː	lː	jː	rː	ʀː
		Grapheme	mm	nn	nny	nng	mmů	nnů	nnẙ	ccn	kkn	kkñ	vv	dd	zz	jj	ww	ll	yy	rrr	gg
			mm	nn	ññ	ŋŋ	mmů	nnů	nnẙ	ccn	kkn	kkñ	vv	dd	zz	jj	ww	ll	yy	řř	gg
Syllabic Consonant	Toneless	Phoneme	m̩ː	n̩ː	ɲ̩ː	ɴ̩ː	m̩ʷː	n̩ʷː	ɲ̩ʷː	β̩ː	ð̩ː	z̩ː	ʝ̍ː	w̩ː	l̩ː	j̍ː	ʀ̩ː
		Grapheme	ṃṃ	ṇṇ	ṇṇy	ṇṇg	ṃṃů	ṇṇů	ṇṇẙ	ṿṿ	ḍḍ	ẓẓ	ẏẏh	ẉẉ	ḷḷ	ẏẏ	ṛṛ
	High Tone	Phoneme	m̩ː˥	n̩ː˥	ɲ̩ː˥	ɴ̩ː˥	m̩ʷː˥	n̩ʷː˥	ɲ̩ʷː˥	β̩ː˥	ð̩ː˥	z̩ː˥	ʝ̍ː˥	w̩ː˥	l̩ː˥	j̍ː˥	ʀ̩ː˥
		Grapheme	ḿḿ	ńń	ńńy	ńńg	ḿḿů	ńńů	ńńẙ	ŵŵ	ðð	źź	ýh	ẃẃ	ĺĺ	ýý	ŕŕ
	Mid Tone	Phoneme	m̩ː˧	n̩ː˧	ɲ̩ː˧	ɴ̩ː˧	m̩ʷː˧	n̩ʷː˧	ɲ̩ʷː˧	β̩ː˧	ð̩ː˧	z̩ː˧	ʝ̍ː˧	w̩ː˧	l̩ː˧	j̍ː˧	ʀ̩ː˧
		Grapheme	ṁṁ	ṅṅ	ṅṅy	ṅṅg	ṁṁů	ṅṅů	ṅṅẙ	ẅẅ	ḋḋ	żż	ÿh	ẇẇ	ŀŀ	ÿÿ	ṙṙ
	Low Tone	Phoneme	m̩ː˩	n̩ː˩	ɲ̩ː˩	ɴ̩ː˩	m̩ʷː˩	n̩ʷː˩	ɲ̩ʷː˩	β̩ː˩	ð̩ː˩	z̩ː˩	ʝ̍ː˩	w̩ː˩	l̩ː˩	j̍ː˩	ʀ̩ː˩
		Grapheme	'ṃṃ	'ṇṇ	'ṇṇy	'ṇṇg	'ṃṃů	'ṇṇů	'ṇṇẙ	'ṿṿ	'ḍḍ	'ẓẓ	'ẏh	'ẉẉ	'ḷḷ	'ẏẏ	'ṛṛ
Vowel	Toneless	Phoneme	iː	ɯː	uː	eː	ɤː	oː	ɛː	ɔː	aː	ɑː
		Grapheme	ii	îî	uu	ee	ûû	oo	êê	ôô	aa	ââ
	High Tone	Phoneme	iː˥	ɯː˥	uː˥	eː˥	ɤː˥	oː˥	ɛː˥	ɔː˥	aː˥	ɑː˥
		Grapheme	íí	ìì	úú	éé	ùù	óó	èè	òò	áá	àà
	Mid Tone	Phoneme	iː˧	ɯː˧	uː˧	eː˧	ɤː˧	oː˧	ɛː˧	ɔː˧	aː˧	ɑː˧
		Grapheme	ĭĭ	ĩĩ	ŭŭ	ĕĕ	ũũ	ŏŏ	ẽẽ	õõ	ăă	ãã
	Low Tone	Phoneme	iː˩	ɯː˩	uː˩	eː˩	ɤː˩	oː˩	ɛː˩	ɔː˩	aː˩	ɑː˩
		Grapheme	'ii	'îî	'uu	'ee	'ûû	'oo	'êê	'ôô	'aa	'ââ

Disambiguation

Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster.

Polyphthongs are written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together. Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them.

Multigraph Disambiguation
Consonants (All)						Syllabic Consonants (All)			Vowels (Examples)
Digraph			Trigraph			Digraph			Short Vowel Multigraph			Long Vowel Multigraph
Grapheme		Phonemes	Grapheme		Phonemes	Grapheme		Phonemes	Grapheme		Phonemes	Grapheme		Phonemes
Base	Distinction		Base	Distinction		Base	Distinction		Base	Distinction		Base	Distinction
dz	dz	/d͡z/	ddz	ddz	/d͡zː/	ṇy	ṇy	/ɲ̩/	ie	ie	/i͡e/	iea	iea	/i͡e͡a/
	d'z	/ðz/		d'dz	/ðd͡z/		ṇ'y	/n̩j/		iē	/i.e/		iēa	/i.e͡a/
				dd'z	/ðːz/	ńy	ńy	/ɲ̩˥/					ieā	/i͡e.a/
lh	lh	/ɬ/	llh	llh	/ʎː/		ń'y	/n̩˥j/					iēā	/i.e.a/
	l'h	/lh/		l'lh	/lɬ/	ṅy	ṅy	/ɲ̩˧/	ui	ui	/u͡i/	uio	uio	/u͡i͡o/
				ll'h	/lːh/		ṅ'y	/n̩˧j/		uī	/u.i/		uīo	/u.i͡o/
ng	ng	/ɴ/	nng	nng	/ɴː/	'ṇy	'ṇy	/ɲ̩˩/					uiō	/u͡i.o/
	n'g	/nʀ/		n'ng	/nɴ/		'ṇ'y	/n̩˩j/					uīō	/u.i.o/
				nn'g	/nːʀ/	ṇg	ṇg	/ɴ̩/	oa	oa	/o͡a/	oae	oae	/o͡a͡e/
ny	ny	/ɲ/	nny	nny	/ɲː/		ṇ'g	/n̩ʀ/		oā	/o.a/		oāe	/o.a͡e/
	n'y	/nj/		n'ny	/nɲ/	ńg	ńg	/ɴ̩˥/					oaē	/o͡a.e/
				nn'y	/nːj/		ń'g	/n̩˥ʀ/					oāē	/o.a.e/
			rrr	rrr	/rː/	ṅg	ṅg	/ɴ̩˧/	iê	iê	/i͡ɛ/	iêa	iêa	/i͡ɛ͡a/
				rr'r	/rɾ/		ṅ'g	/n̩˧ʀ/		ië	/i.ɛ/		iëa	/i.ɛ͡a/
				r'rr	/ɾr/	'ṇg	'ṇg	/ɴ̩˩/					iêā	/i͡ɛ.a/
th	th	/θ/	tth	tth	/θː/		'ṇ'g	/n̩ʀ/					iëā	/i.ɛ.a/
	t'h	/th/		t'th	/tθ/	ẏh	ẓh	/ʝ̍/	ûi	ûi	/ɤ͡i/	ûiô	ûiô	/ɤ͡i͡ɔ/
				tt'h	/tːh/		ẓ'h	/j̍h/		ûī	/ɤ.i/		ûīô	/ɤ.i͡ɔ/
ts	ts	/t͡s/	tts	tts	/t͡sː/	ýh	ýh	/ʝ̍˥/					ûiö	/ɤ͡i.ɔ/
	t's	/ts/		t'ts	/tt͡s/		ý'h	/j̍˥h/					ûīö	/ɤ.i.ɔ/
				tt's	/tːs/	ÿh	ÿh	/ʝ̍˧/	ôâ	ôâ	/ɔ͡ɑ/	ôâê	ôâê	/ɔ͡ɑ͡ɛ/
							ÿ'h	/j̍˧h/		ôä	/ɔ.ɑ/		ôäê	/ɔ.ɑ͡ɛ/
						'ẏh	'ẏh	/ʝ̍˩/					ôâë	/ɔ͡ɑ.ɛ/
							'ẏ'h	/j̍˩h/					ôäë	/ɔ.ɑ.ɛ/