Scots Norse: Difference between revisions

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==Morphology==

===Nouns===

~~A major development~~ in ~~nouns is the complete loss of the definite forms, being replaced by~~ the ~~independent "hinn", which precedes~~ the ~~noun, triggering nasal mutation in some forms~~.

Nouns have been reduced down to a basic singular/plural distinction, with the masc/fem distinction only maintained in the singular and when paired with the article ''{{lang|snon|{{term|hin}}}}''.

~~Many of the forms have merged, this leads to a far stricter word order.~~

{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Noun declensions|tall=yes}}

~~:The nominative and accusative merged together in the mid 1700's, leading to a necessarily stricter word order. The neuter has also merged with the~~ masculine~~. The masculine genitive has also fallen together, while it remains distinct in~~ feminine ~~nouns. The~~ singular ~~direct and dative have also merged, with the masculine genitive being identical to these forms as well. (see the table for ''~~{{lang|snon|~~ald~~}}~~'')~~

! class=outer rowspan=2 |

! colspan=2 | masculine

| class=separator rowspan=4 |

! colspan=2 | feminine

|-

! singular

! plural

! singular

! plural

|-

! indefinite

| {{lang|snon|-ᶫ}}

| {{lang|snon|-arr}}

| {{lang|snon|-}}

| {{lang|snon|-arr}}

|-

! definite

| {{lang|snon|hin h-ᶫ}}

| {{lang|snon|hin h-arr}}

| {{lang|snon|hin -}}

| {{lang|snon|hin -arr}}

|-

~~The genitive singular has~~ two ~~endings, these are highly consistent~~, ~~being a null ending in~~ the ~~masculine and -arr~~ in ~~the feminine~~.

''All'' nouns fit into one of these two patterns, regardless the forms in Old Norse. Below are several examples.

~~The genitive has been increasingly falling out of use over the past two centuries, and is now largely superseded by constructions like "at [possessor (in dative)]".~~

Younger (< age 35) speakers only distinguish three forms; the singular, the direct plural, and the dative plural. The singular is split into direct vs dative when paired with an article, but it is otherwise the same for both.

~~====Strong nouns====~~

~~=====Masculines=====~~

~~These first few are a-stems.~~

~~{{snon-decl|ald|1l=h-ald}}~~

~~The masculine i-stem has also merged with the a-stem.~~

~~As has the u-stem.~~

~~The following were originally neuter, but various changes have merged them with the masculine.~~

~~=====Feminines=====~~

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Adjectives have essentially lost all declension, at most declining for gender, where the forms are identical, the only difference being that the masculine form triggers lenition. (see ''{{lang|snon|{{term|sèl}}}}'')

Both the comparative and superlative forms were lost by Sudrey Norse, being replaced with usage of {{lang|snon|{{term|mèr}}}} ("more") and {{lang|snon|{{term|mast}}}} ("most"), so rather than, say, Old Norse "beztr" (hypothetical Scots Norse **{{lang|snon|bast}}) for "better", it ~~would~~ instead be {{lang|snon|mèr ghòedh}} (lit. "more good").

Both the comparative and superlative forms were lost by the time of Sudrey Norse, being replaced with the usage of {{lang|snon|{{term|mèr}}}} ("more") and {{lang|snon|{{term|mast}}}} ("most"), so rather than, say, Old Norse "beztr" (hypothetical Scots Norse **{{lang|snon|bast}}) for "better", it is instead {{lang|snon|mèr ghòedh}} (lit. "more good").

===Numerals===

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The original mediopassive indicative only remains in a small set of verbs acting as a reciprocal, typically physical actions taken towards others, like {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to fight"), {{lang|snon|{{term|slà}}}} ("to hit"), {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to embrace"), as well as a few abstract verbs, such as {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to love"). Otherwise it's been replaced by {{lang|snon|{{term|hìnu n-onaru}}}}

~~====Strong verbs====~~

~~Strong verbs have survived rather well into Scots Norse, at times weak verbs have been made strong (though the opposite has also happened).~~

~~=====Class 1=====~~

~~=====Class 2=====~~

~~=====Class 3=====~~

~~=====Class 4=====~~

~~=====Class 5=====~~

~~=====Class 6=====~~

~~=====Class 7=====~~

~~====Weak~~ verbs~~====~~

Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.

~~=====Class 1=====~~

~~Class 1 has entirely been lost~~, ~~having shifted to~~ class 2.

~~=====Class 2=====~~

{{lang|snon|mèl}} was originally a class 1 verb.

~~=====Class 3=====~~

====Suppletive verbs====

There is only one known suppletive verb in Scots Norse, that being the copula ''{{lang|snon|vèr}}'', and even it has been leveled by many speakers.

"arr" and "varr" are the more prevalent forms, but the regularized forms "vèrarr" and "vèradharr" are also rather common.

==Syntax==

@@ Line 746: / Line 746: @@
 ==Morphology==
 ===Nouns===
-A major development in nouns is the complete loss of the definite forms, being replaced by the independent "hinn", which precedes the noun, triggering nasal mutation in some forms.
+Nouns have been reduced down to a basic singular/plural distinction, with the masc/fem distinction only maintained in the singular and when paired with the article ''{{lang|snon|{{term|hin}}}}''.
-Many of the forms have merged, this leads to a far stricter word order.
+{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Noun declensions|tall=yes}}
-:The nominative and accusative merged together in the mid 1700's, leading to a necessarily stricter word order. The neuter has also merged with the masculine. The masculine genitive has also fallen together, while it remains distinct in feminine nouns. The singular direct and dative have also merged, with the masculine genitive being identical to these forms as well. (see the table for ''{{lang|snon|ald}}'')
+! class=outer rowspan=2 |
+! colspan=2 | masculine
+| class=separator rowspan=4 |
+! colspan=2 | feminine
+|-
+! singular
+! plural
+! singular
+! plural
+|-
+! indefinite
+| {{lang|snon|-ᶫ}}
+| {{lang|snon|-arr}}
+| {{lang|snon|-}}
+| {{lang|snon|-arr}}
+|-
+! definite
+| {{lang|snon|hin h-ᶫ}}
+| {{lang|snon|hin h-arr}}
+| {{lang|snon|hin -}}
+| {{lang|snon|hin -arr}}
+|-
+{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=}}
-The genitive singular has two endings, these are highly consistent, being a null ending in the masculine and -arr in the feminine.
+''All'' nouns fit into one of these two patterns, regardless the forms in Old Norse. Below are several examples.
+{{snon-decl|ald|1l=h-ald}}
-The genitive has been increasingly falling out of use over the past two centuries, and is now largely superseded by constructions like "at [possessor (in dative)]".
-Younger (< age 35) speakers only distinguish three forms; the singular, the direct plural, and the dative plural. The singular is split into direct vs dative when paired with an article, but it is otherwise the same for both.
-====Strong nouns====
-=====Masculines=====
-These first few are a-stems.
-{{snon-decl|ald|1l=h-ald}}
 {{snon-decl|hàt|hàet|1l='àt|2l='àet}}
 {{snon-decl|r=y|hàmar|1l='àmar}}
-The masculine i-stem has also merged with the a-stem.
 {{snon-decl|bèdh|1l=bhèdh}}
-As has the u-stem.
 {{snon-decl|bògh|bòegh|1l=bhògh|2l=bhòegh}}
-The following were originally neuter, but various changes have merged them with the masculine.
 {{snon-decl|màl|màel|1l=mhàl|2l=mhàel}}
 {{snon-decl|post|poest|1l=phost|2l=phoest}}
-=====Feminines=====
 {{snon-decl|arrv}}
@@ Line 779: / Line 800: @@
 Adjectives have essentially lost all declension, at most declining for gender, where the forms are identical, the only difference being that the masculine form triggers lenition. (see ''{{lang|snon|{{term|sèl}}}}'')
-Both the comparative and superlative forms were lost by Sudrey Norse, being replaced with usage of {{lang|snon|{{term|mèr}}}} ("more") and {{lang|snon|{{term|mast}}}} ("most"), so rather than, say, Old Norse "beztr" (hypothetical Scots Norse **{{lang|snon|bast}}) for "better", it would instead be {{lang|snon|mèr ghòedh}} (lit. "more good").
+Both the comparative and superlative forms were lost by the time of Sudrey Norse, being replaced with the usage of {{lang|snon|{{term|mèr}}}} ("more") and {{lang|snon|{{term|mast}}}} ("most"), so rather than, say, Old Norse "beztr" (hypothetical Scots Norse **{{lang|snon|bast}}) for "better", it is instead {{lang|snon|mèr ghòedh}} (lit. "more good").
 ===Numerals===
@@ Line 839: / Line 860: @@
 The original mediopassive indicative only remains in a small set of verbs acting as a reciprocal, typically physical actions taken towards others, like {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to fight"), {{lang|snon|{{term|slà}}}} ("to hit"), {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to embrace"), as well as a few abstract verbs, such as {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to love"). Otherwise it's been replaced by {{lang|snon|{{term|hìnu n-onaru}}}}
-====Strong verbs====
-Strong verbs have survived rather well into Scots Norse, at times weak verbs have been made strong (though the opposite has also happened).
-=====Class 1=====
-=====Class 2=====
-=====Class 3=====
-=====Class 4=====
-=====Class 5=====
-=====Class 6=====
-=====Class 7=====
-====Weak verbs====
+Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.
-=====Class 1=====
-Class 1 has entirely been lost, having shifted to class 2.
+{{snon-conj|tàl|tòl|tàel}}
-=====Class 2=====
-{{snon-conj-weak2|tàl|tòl|tàel}}
-{{snon-conj-weak2|mèl}}
+{{snon-conj|mèl}}
 {{lang|snon|mèl}} was originally a class 1 verb.
-=====Class 3=====
 ====Suppletive verbs====
+There is only one known suppletive verb in Scots Norse, that being the copula ''{{lang|snon|vèr}}'', and even it has been leveled by many speakers.
 {{snon-conj-vèr}}
+"arr" and "varr" are the more prevalent forms, but the regularized forms "vèrarr" and "vèradharr" are also rather common.
 ==Syntax==