User:IlL/Spare pages 1/51: Difference between revisions
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[[ | [[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]] | ||
''' | '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''a d{{PAGENAME}}'' [ə ˈd̥ɪɡ̊ɤᵝˤ] or ''a ŋgaoth d{{PAGENAME}}'' [ə ŋɔɬ ˈtɪɡ̊ɤᵝˤ] 'the {{PAGENAME}} language'; pronounced "tiggle" in English) is a [[{{PAGENAME}}ic languages|{{PAGENAME}}ic]] language (a subbranch of the [[Talmic languages]]) inspired by Irish and German. {{PAGENAME}} was created in part as a thought experiment posing the question "What would a Celtic language with umlaut instead of palatalization look like?". Like all modern Talmic languages, {{PAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. It is spoken on the west coast of the continent ''Cuadhlabh'' on Hussmauch. | ||
1: cēm- > ciamh | 1: cēm- > ciamh | ||
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==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
If a | If a {{PAGENAME}} word is underlined, hover over it to view the pronunciation. | ||
===Symbols=== | ===Symbols=== | ||
*<sup>i</sup> - i-umlaut | *<sup>i</sup> - i-umlaut | ||
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==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
[[File:Talmic cursive script.png|thumbnail|Talmic script, used for writing | [[File:Talmic cursive script.png|thumbnail|Talmic script, used for writing {{PAGENAME}}|750px]] | ||
Like other modern Talmic languages, | Like other modern Talmic languages, {{PAGENAME}} is written in the Talmic cursive script, which is written from left to right. Some letters are not used in modern {{PAGENAME}}, such as the Thensarian letters ''h, th, ch, gh''; the letters ''ħ'' and ''v'' are not used except in loanwords. | ||
Double consonants are used for {{angbr|''ll, nn, ŋŋ, rr''}}, which come from the [[Old | Double consonants are used for {{angbr|''ll, nn, ŋŋ, rr''}}, which come from the [[Old {{PAGENAME}}]] fortis resonants /L, N, Ŋ, R/; they are pronounced identically to single {{angbr|''l, n, ŋ, r''}} in modern {{PAGENAME}}. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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Stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions. | Stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions. | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{{PAGENAME}} has a relatively average consonant inventory of around 20 consonants, like most West Talmic languages. The phonology is unusual for distinguishing lateral consonants in fricatives but not in liquids. | |||
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|+ ''' | |+ '''{{PAGENAME}} consonants''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal | !colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal | ||
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====Notes==== | ====Notes==== | ||
*An initial /ʔ/ is added to null initials (at least in careful speech). | *An initial /ʔ/ is added to null initials (at least in careful speech). | ||
*Modern Standard | *Modern Standard {{PAGENAME}} has a form of Auslautverhärtung: Both aspiration and voicing are neutralized for word-final obstruents. | ||
*Unaspirated consonants /p, t, k/ are half-voiced [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊] between vowels (at least within a word). | *Unaspirated consonants /p, t, k/ are half-voiced [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊] between vowels (at least within a word). | ||
*/w/ is a labiovelar approximant [ɰʷ] with the vocalic quality of [u]. | */w/ is a labiovelar approximant [ɰʷ] with the vocalic quality of [u]. | ||
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===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{{PAGENAME}} has a vowel system with a complexity comparable to that of German, with 7 basic vowel qualities, vowel length, and the effects of L-vocalization. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 1080xp; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 1080xp; text-align:center;" | ||
|+ ''' | |+ '''{{PAGENAME}} vowels''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3" | | ! rowspan="3" | | ||
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Old | Old {{PAGENAME}} had a verb system with complex alternations, almost comparable to that of Old Irish; for example: | ||
*Thn. ''molyn'' 'I thank' > OTig ''molan'' (prototonic); Thn. ''tir molyn'' 'I do not thank' > OTig ''tí·mlun'' (deuterotonic) | *Thn. ''molyn'' 'I thank' > OTig ''molan'' (prototonic); Thn. ''tir molyn'' 'I do not thank' > OTig ''tí·mlun'' (deuterotonic) | ||
*Cf. Thn. ''armolyn'' 'I pursue' > '' ar·mlun'' (deuterotonic); Thn. ''tir armolyn'' 'I do not pursue' > OTig ''tír·mol'' (prototonic) | *Cf. Thn. ''armolyn'' 'I pursue' > '' ar·mlun'' (deuterotonic); Thn. ''tir armolyn'' 'I do not pursue' > OTig ''tír·mol'' (prototonic) | ||
*Thn. ''duptym'' 'he builds' > OTig ''duchdamh'' Thn. ''tir duptym'' 'he does not build' > OTig ''tý·dchtumh'' (The negative particle undergoes u-umlaut here!) | *Thn. ''duptym'' 'he builds' > OTig ''duchdamh'' Thn. ''tir duptym'' 'he does not build' > OTig ''tý·dchtumh'' (The negative particle undergoes u-umlaut here!) | ||
Modern | Modern {{PAGENAME}} simplified this system substantially, leaving behind a mixture of synthetic forms (used without a subject pronoun) and analytic forms (used with a subject noun or pronoun), similar to the Modern Irish system. Due to their different origins - namely, synthetic forms come from Thensarian conjugated verbs while analytic forms come from Thensarian participles or verbal nouns - they often morphologically behave differently. | ||
====Present tense==== | ====Present tense==== | ||
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===Derivational morphology=== | ===Derivational morphology=== | ||
These are some common | These are some common {{PAGENAME}} derivational affixes: | ||
*''-all'': adjectivizer | *''-all'': adjectivizer | ||
*''<sup>i</sup>-al'' (m.): nominalizer | *''<sup>i</sup>-al'' (m.): nominalizer | ||
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==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
{{PAGENAME}} is almost completely head-initial, except for some compound words which are head-final. The constituent order is VSO. Background information (usually in the order {{sc|time-manner-place}}) may be placed before the verb (unlike in Irish), after the subject, or after the direct object. However, usually no constituent may come between the verb and the subject. Also, order may be more flexible in poetry. | |||
===Noun phrase=== | ===Noun phrase=== | ||