Scots Norse: Difference between revisions

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The development of Scots Norse is one of the best understood aspects of the language, owing to its extreme divergence being an interest to linguists.

===Pre-Scots Norse===

~~This is the form of Scots Norse when it was still a dialect of Old Norse~~

*lengthening of stressed vowels in open syllables

*loss of gemination of non-sonorants.

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*/θ, ð/ > /t, d/, with a few cases of /θ, ð/ > /f, v/

*diphthong flattening, /øy, ɒu, ɛi/ > /øː, oː, eː/

*merger of ~~mid-high~~ and ~~mid-low vowels~~

*merger of /ɛ/ and /e/

*e > ja occasionally when Proto-Germanic *e (typically becomes ja in Old Norse anyways)

*/Cj/ > /Cʲ/

===Sudrey Norse===

~~Sudrey Norse, also occasionally called "Middle Scots Norse", is~~ the ~~stage directly before Modern~~, ~~it is~~ in ~~no way intelligible with~~ the ~~modern language~~.

*/ɔ/ > /ɑ/ in the west, /ɔ/ > /o/ in the eadt.

*development of slender/broad/plain distinction

*front round vowels break to /jV/, where /V/ is a round back vowel

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*long vowels > /i, e, ɑ, u, o/

*(Western only) Loss of all gemination, including sonorants.

*loss of /ə/ between two sonorants (such as /jər/ > /ir/), unless part of an inflectional ending.

*unstressed vowels to /ə/.

*/r/ becomes /ɾ/ ~~intervocalically~~<~~sup~~>?</~~sup~~>

*sandhi effects develop through word final sounds

**lenition: from being intervocalic (/r/ becomes /ɾ/?)

::ON. {{l|non|agi}} /ˈɑ.ɣi/ > Pre-ScNo. /ɑː.ɡʲə/ > SuNo. {{l|sdno|àgi}} /ˈɑ.ʝə/

**eclipsis: from nasal clusters

*By the end of Sudrey Norse, /jɔ, jo, jʊ, ju/ have become /ʌ, ɤ, ɯ̽, ɯ/.

*global /h/-/x/ merger

===Modern Scots Norse===

*/ʝ/ general shifts to /j/

**Quickly following, sequences of /jɪ, ji/ are shortened to /ɪ, i/, often causing hiatus.

*/v/ > /f/ next to voiceless fricatives, such as /sv/ > /sf/.

::ON. {{l|non|svartr}} /ˈswɑr.tr̩/ > SuNo. {{l|sdno|svarta}} /ˈsvəɾ.tə/ > ScNo. {{l|snon|sfart}} /ˈsfəɾt/

*mutations develop through the loss of word final sounds

**lenition: from being intervocalic

~~::ON. {{l|non|agi}} /ˈɑ.ɣi/ > SuNo. {{l|sdno|àgi}} /ˈɑ.ɟə/ > ScNo. {{l|snon|àegh}} /ˈɑj/~~

**eclipsis: from nasal clusters

*(Eastern) Loss of all gemination.

*Probably under outside influence, /θ, ð/ merge with /x, ɣ/.

*The environments causing sandhi are lost, grammaticalizing the effects.

::ON. {{l|non|ríki}} /ˈriː.ki/ > SuNo. {{l|sdno|rìci}} /ˈɾi.çə/ > ScNo. {{l|snon|rìch}} /ˈɾiç/

*several palatalized sounds shift:

**/s, z, n, l, k, g, h, ɣ/ > /ʃ, ʒ, ɲ, ʎ, c, ɟ, ç, ʝ/

**/s, z, n, l, k, g, x, ɣ/ > /ʃ, ʒ, ɲ, ʎ, c, ɟ, ç, ʝ/

*/ɣ/ goes silent when word final, after a back vowel, or between two of the same vowel. /j/ also goes silent between two of the same vowel.

==Phonology==

@@ Line 60: / Line 60: @@
 The development of Scots Norse is one of the best understood aspects of the language, owing to its extreme divergence being an interest to linguists.
 ===Pre-Scots Norse===
-This is the form of Scots Norse when it was still a dialect of Old Norse
 *lengthening of stressed vowels in open syllables
 *loss of gemination of non-sonorants.
@@ Line 71: / Line 69: @@
 */θ, ð/ > /t, d/, with a few cases of /θ, ð/ > /f, v/
 *diphthong flattening, /øy, ɒu, ɛi/ > /øː, oː, eː/
-*merger of mid-high and mid-low vowels
+*merger of /ɛ/ and /e/
 *e > ja occasionally when Proto-Germanic *e (typically becomes ja in Old Norse anyways)
 */Cj/ > /Cʲ/
 ===Sudrey Norse===
-Sudrey Norse, also occasionally called "Middle Scots Norse", is the stage directly before Modern, it is in no way intelligible with the modern language.
+*/ɔ/ > /ɑ/ in the west, /ɔ/ > /o/ in the eadt.
 *development of slender/broad/plain distinction
 *front round vowels break to /jV/, where /V/ is a round back vowel
@@ Line 83: / Line 80: @@
 *long vowels > /i, e, ɑ, u, o/
 *(Western only) Loss of all gemination, including sonorants.
-*loss of /ə/ between two sonorants (such as /jər/ > /ir/), unless part of an inflectional ending.
 *unstressed vowels to /ə/.
-*/r/ becomes /ɾ/ intervocalically<sup>?</sup>
+*sandhi effects develop through word final sounds
+**lenition: from being intervocalic (/r/ becomes /ɾ/?)
+::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|agi}} /ˈɑ.ɣi/ > <small>Pre-ScNo.</small> /ɑː.ɡʲə/ > <small>SuNo.</small> {{l|sdno|àgi}} /ˈɑ.ʝə/
+**eclipsis: from nasal clusters
+*By the end of Sudrey Norse, /jɔ, jo, jʊ, ju/ have become /ʌ, ɤ, ɯ̽, ɯ/.
+*global /h/-/x/ merger
 ===Modern Scots Norse===
+*/ʝ/ general shifts to /j/
+**Quickly following, sequences of /jɪ, ji/ are shortened to /ɪ, i/, often causing hiatus.
 */v/ > /f/ next to voiceless fricatives, such as /sv/ > /sf/.
 ::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|svartr}} /ˈswɑr.tr̩/ > <small>SuNo.</small> {{l|sdno|svarta}} /ˈsvəɾ.tə/ > <small>ScNo.</small> {{l|snon|sfart}} /ˈsfəɾt/
-*mutations develop through the loss of word final sounds
-**lenition: from being intervocalic
-::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|agi}} /ˈɑ.ɣi/ > <small>SuNo.</small> {{l|sdno|àgi}} /ˈɑ.ɟə/ > <small>ScNo.</small> {{l|snon|àegh}} /ˈɑj/
-**eclipsis: from nasal clusters
 *(Eastern) Loss of all gemination.
+*Probably under outside influence, /θ, ð/ merge with /x, ɣ/.
+*The environments causing sandhi are lost, grammaticalizing the effects.
+::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|ríki}} /ˈriː.ki/ > <small>SuNo.</small> {{l|sdno|rìci}} /ˈɾi.çə/ > <small>ScNo.</small> {{l|snon|rìch}} /ˈɾiç/
 *several palatalized sounds shift:
-**/s, z, n, l, k, g, h, ɣ/ > /ʃ, ʒ, ɲ, ʎ, c, ɟ, ç, ʝ/
+**/s, z, n, l, k, g, x, ɣ/ > /ʃ, ʒ, ɲ, ʎ, c, ɟ, ç, ʝ/
+*/ɣ/ goes silent when word final, after a back vowel, or between two of the same vowel. /j/ also goes silent between two of the same vowel.
 ==Phonology==