Linguifex

Chlesamnic: Difference between revisions

← Older editNewer edit →
VisualWikitext
Vrianne (talk | contribs)
2,593 edits
No edit summary
Vrianne (talk | contribs)
2,593 edits
No edit summary
Line 53: Line 53:
**'''North Chlesamnic'''
**'''North Chlesamnic'''
**'''South Chlesamnic'''
**'''South Chlesamnic'''
</div>
===West Chlesamnic===
===West Chlesamnic===
===East Chlesamnic===
===East Chlesamnic===
Line 59: Line 60:
==History==
==History==
==Typology==
==Typology==
Earlier attested languages such as Old Thadish, Old Low Polovic, Ancient Tevvic, and Kolasian have been instrumental to comparative linguistics, as they exhibit many shared features that have been lost or altered in their modern descendants. Using those languages, a number of shared typological features can be identified.
Earlier attested languages such as [[Old Thadish]], [[Old Low Polovic]], [[Ancient Tevvic]], and [[Kolasian]] have been instrumental to [[w:Comparative method|comparative linguistics]], as they exhibit many shared characteristics that have been lost or altered in their modern descendants. Using those languages, a number of shared typological features can be identified.
===Grammar===
===Grammar===
*Largely suffix-based fusional morphology
*[[w:Nominative-Accusative alignment|Nominative-Accusative alignment]]
*[[w:Subject–object–verb word order|Subject-object-verb (SOV) word order]]
* 8-9 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical cases]]
**Nominative
**Vocative
**Accusative
**Allative (a post-PIE innovation)
**Genitive
**Ablative
**Dative (merged with the PIE locative)
**Instrumental
**Comitative (a post-PIE innovation, unclear if it was a shared Chlesamnic or High Polovic innovation)
*Three grammatical genders
**Masculine
**Feminine (High Polovic would merge the feminine into the masculine by the time of the first written records)
**Neuter
*Absence of the [[w:Dual (grammatical number)|dual number]]
*Synthetic [[w:subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]]
*Synthetic [[w:future tense|future tense]]
*Synthetic [[w:passive voice|passive voice]]
*Verbal class system reminiscent to that of the Germanic languages
**a Strong class of verbs that formed their preterites by reduplication and changes to the stem vowel according to seven patterns
**a Weak class of verbs that formed their preterites by means of a dental suffix
**a So-called preterite-present class whose present tense shows the form of the strong preterite
*[[w:Adposition|Postpositions]] as opposed to prepositions
*[[w:Clitic|Clitics]] for uses such as marking pronominal possession and verbal objects and introducing subordinate clauses
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-style:italic;"
|- style="font-style:normal; font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="3" | reconstructed a-stem endings
|-
!
! singular
! plural
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal;" | Nominative
| *-as
| rowspan="2" | *-os
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal;" | Vocative
| *-Ø
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal;" | Accusative
| rowspan="2" | *-am
| *-ams
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal;" | Nom./Voc./Acc. ({{abbtip|neuter gender|n.}})
| *-ā ~ *-ams
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal;" | Allative
| *-aur
| *-arus
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal;" | Genitive
| *-as
| *-ôm
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal;" | Ablative
| *-eť
| *-ams
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal;" | Dative
| *-ai
| *-aisu
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal;" | Instrumental
| *-o
| *-am(i)s
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal;" | Comitative
| *-wam ~ *-oham
| ?
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-style:italic;"
|- style="font-style:normal; font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="3" | reconstructed present-active endings
|-
!
! singular
! plural
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal;" | 1st person
| *-o
| *-(a)mas
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal;" | 2nd person
| *-asi
| *-(a)θ
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal;" | 3rd person
| *-aθi
| *-anθi
|}
</div>
===Phonology===
===Phonology===
===Lexicography===
===Lexicography===
The following is a very brief selection of cognates in basic vocabulary across the Chlesamnic family, which may serve to give an idea of the sound changes involved. This is not a list of translations: cognates have a common origin, but their meaning may be shifted and loanwords may have replaced them.
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Proto-Chleslamic
! Ancient Tevvic
! colspan="2" | Kolasian
! Old Thadish
! Old Low Polovic
|-
| *ať<br />''"I"''
| —
| colspan="2" | —
| ѣк̑ъ<br />(''ěk’'')
| атъ<br />(''at’'')
|-
| *θū<br />''"thou"''
| —
| colspan="2" | —
| ѳꙋ<br />(''θu'')
| бꙋ<br />(''bu'')
|-
| *wais<br />''"we"''
| —
| colspan="2" | —
| ѵѣ<br />(''wě'')
| вѣсъ<br />(''věs'')
|-
| *yūs<br />''"you"''
| —
| colspan="2" | —
| юу<br />(''ju'')
| юусъ<br />(''jus'')
|-
| *áinas<br />''"one"''
| ऐ॑णंः<br />(''ḗṇạh'')
| colspan="2" | —
| ѣнѣ<br />(''ěně'')
| ѣнасъ<br />(''ěnas'')
|-
| *θwai, *θwes<br />''"two"''
| थ्वॅः॑<br />(''thvéh'')
| colspan="2" | —
| ѳѵѣ, ѳꙋѣ<br />(''θwe'')
| бесъ<br />(''bes'')
|-
| *θráyas<br />''"three"''
| ठाः॑<br />(''ṭhā́h'')
| colspan="2" | —
| ѳрѣꙗ<br />(''θrěja'')
| браꙗсъ<br />(''brajas'')
|-
| *hwas<br />''"who"''
| —
| colspan="2" | —
| хѵѣ, хꙋѣ<br />(''xwě'')
| хасъ<br />(''xas'')
|-
| *hwat<br />''"what"''
| —
| colspan="2" | —
| хѵѣтъ, хꙋѣтъ<br />(''xwět'')
| хатъ<br />(''xat'')
|-
| *ahš, *áham<br />''"eye"''
| —
| colspan="2" | ཨཧྨ<br />(''áhm'')
| ѣхѧ<br />(''ěxę̌'')
| —
|-
| *óus, *óusam<br />''"ear"''
| —
| colspan="2" | ཨོཨུས<br />(''óus'')
| ѻсѧ, ѡсѧ<br />(''osę̌'')
| —
|-
| *ốs, *ốsam<br />''"mouth; lips"''
| —
| ཨཽས<br />(''ōs'')
| ཨཽསྨ<br />(''ōsm'')
| ѣсѧ<br />(''ěsę̌'')
| —
|-
| *wánhas, *wánham<br />''"cheek"''
| —
| colspan="2" | ཝངྶ<br />(''vángs'')
| ѵѣнхѧ, ꙋѣнхѧ<br />(''wěnxę̌'')
| —
|-
| *nā́sā<br />''"nose; nostrils"''
| —
| colspan="2" | ནས<br />(''nâs'')
| наса<br />(''nasa'')
| —
|-
| *rauδás<br />''"red"''
| रौधः॑<br />(''rōdháh'')
| colspan="2" | རཝྡས<br />(''ravdás'')
| рѣдѣ<br />(''rědě'')
| —
|-
| *halgwás<br />''"green; yellow"''
| षंल्ग्वः॑<br />(''ṣạlgváh'')
| colspan="2" | ཧགས྄<br />(''hagás'')
| хѣлгѵѣ, хѣлгꙋѣ<br />(''xělgwě'')
| —
|-
| *hāzwás<br />''"blue"''
| हाज़्वः॑<br />(''hāzváh'')
| colspan="2" | ཝས<br />(''vás'')
| хаꙁѵѣ, хаꙁꙋѣ<br />(''xazwě'')
| —
|-
| *θúsnas<br />''"brown"''
| थु॑नंः<br />(''thúṇạh'')<br />
| colspan="2" | ཏུནས<br />(''túnås'')
| ѳѵꙑсѵѣ, ѳꙋꙑсꙋѣ<br />(''θwyswě'')
| —
|}
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Chlesamnic"