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User:IlL/Spare pages 1/51: Difference between revisions

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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Treated below is the phonology of Standard {{PAGENAME}} ({{abbtip|/ə ˈɬɪɡ̊ɤᵝˤ ˈhiətʰœɳ/|''a Thigall hÉtaoin''}}). Other dialects differ mostly in vowel reflexes from Old {{PAGENAME}} and in the treatment of Old {{PAGENAME}} /n, nn, l, ll, r, rr/.
===Stress===
===Stress===
Primary stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions.
Primary stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions.
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|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} consonants'''
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} consonants'''
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal
!colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal  
!colspan="2"|Nasal  
| '''m, mb''' m  
| '''m, mb''' m  
| '''nh, nd''' n̪
| '''n, nn, nd''' n
| '''n''' ɳ
|colspan="3"| '''ŋ, ŋg''' ɲ~ŋ~ɴ ||  
|colspan="3"| '''ŋ, ŋg''' ɲ~ŋ~ɴ ||  
|-
|-
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!<small>tenuis</small>
!<small>tenuis</small>
| '''b, bp''' p  
| '''b, bp''' p  
|colspan="2"| '''d, dt''' t~ʈ
| '''d, dt''' t
|colspan="3"| '''g, gc''' c~k~q || (ʔ)
|colspan="3"| '''g, gc''' c~k~q || (ʔ)
|-
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''p''' pʰ  
| '''p''' pʰ  
|colspan="2"| '''t''' tʰ~ʈʰ
| '''t''' tʰ
|colspan="3"| '''c''' cʰ~kʰ~qʰ ||
|colspan="3"| '''c''' cʰ~kʰ~qʰ ||
|-
|-
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!<small>voiceless</small>
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''f, ph''' f  
| '''f, ph''' f  
|colspan="2"| '''th''' ɬ~ꞎ  
| '''th''' ɬ~ꞎ  
|colspan="2"| '''ch''' ç~x || ||
|colspan="2"| '''ch''' ç~x || ||
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''bh''' v  
| '''bh''' v  
|colspan="2"| '''dh''' ɮ~ɮ˞ 
| '''dh''' ɮ  
|colspan="2"| '''gh''' j~ɣ || ||
|colspan="2"| '''gh''' j~ɣ || ||
|-
|-
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!<small>voiceless</small>
!<small>voiceless</small>
|   
|   
|colspan="2"| '''s''' s~ʂ || || || || '''h, fh, sh''' h
| '''s''' s~ʂ || || || || '''h, fh, sh''' h
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
|  
|  
|colspan="2"| '''z, zs''' z~ʐ || || || ||
| '''z, zs''' z~ʐ || || || ||
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Liquid
!colspan="2"| Liquid
| || || '''ꝛ, ꝛꝛ''' ɺ~ɭ || || || '''l, ll''' ʀ~ʟ ||
| || '''ꝛ, ꝛꝛ''' ɾ~ɺ~l || || || '''l, ll''' ʀ~ʟ ||
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Approximant
!colspan="2"| Approximant
| '''mh, mhf, v''' w || || || '''j''' j || || ||
| '''mh, mhf, v''' w || || '''j''' j || || ||
|}
|}


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*/s, z/ are alveolar retracted [s̠, z̠], similar to the Northern/Central Castillan Spanish and Modern Greek /s/. They have retroflex allophones [ʂ, ʐ] next to /ɳ, ɺ˞~ɭ/.
*/s, z/ are alveolar retracted [s̠, z̠], similar to the Northern/Central Castillan Spanish and Modern Greek /s/. They have retroflex allophones [ʂ, ʐ] next to /ɳ, ɺ˞~ɭ/.
*/ɳ/ is apical postalveolar [n̠].
*/ɳ/ is apical postalveolar [n̠].
*The retroflex liquid /ɭ/ is most often an apical postalveolar [l̠]. It can be a postalveolar lateral flap [ɺ] before vowels. Other allophones include [ɹ] and [ʟ].
*The coronal liquid has 3 allophones broadly:
**The sequence /ŋɽ/ may become a retroflex lateral nasal [ɳᶩ] or, for some speakers, even a weak retroflex click [ᵑǃ˞].
**After a consonant, it is a postalveolar [ɾ].
**Word-initially or intervocalically, it can be a lateral flap [ɺ].
**Before a consonatn or word-finally, it is a postalveolar lateral [l̠], with varying resonances (though not velarized) depending on speaker.
*/ŋ, kʰ, k/ are usually velar [ŋ, kʰ, k], but are often labialized pharyngealized uvular [ɴʷˁ, qʷˁʰ, qʷˁ] next to /ʀ~ʟ/. /kʰʀ/ becomes an affricate or a trilled affricate [qχ].
*/ŋ, kʰ, k/ are usually velar [ŋ, kʰ, k], but are often labialized pharyngealized uvular [ɴʷˁ, qʷˁʰ, qʷˁ] next to /ʀ~ʟ/. /kʰʀ/ becomes an affricate or a trilled affricate [qχ].
*/ŋ, kʰ, k, x, ɣ/ palatalize to [ɲ, cʰ~cç, c, ç, j] before /iː yː iə yə eː øː/.
*/ŋ, kʰ, k, x, ɣ/ palatalize to [ɲ, cʰ~cç, c, ç, j] before /iː yː iə yə eː øː/.
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|-
|-
!IPA
!IPA
|/m/||/pʰ/||/p/||/f/||/ɳ/||/tʰ/||/t/||/s/||/z/||/ɺ˞~ɭ/||/ŋ/||/kʰ/||/k/||/ʀ~ʟ/||/ʔ/
|/m/||/pʰ/||/p/||/f/||/n/||/tʰ/||/t/||/s/||/z/||/ɺ˞~ɭ/||/ŋ/||/kʰ/||/k/||/ʀ~ʟ/||/ʔ/
|-
|-
!|Lenited
!|Lenited
!''mh''!!''ph''!!''bh''!!''fh''!!''nh''!!''th''!!''dh''!!''sh''!!''zh''!!''-''!!''-''!!''ch''!!''gh''!!''-''!!''h-''
!''mh''!!''ph''!!''bh''!!''fh''!!''-''!!''th''!!''dh''!!''sh''!!''zh''!!''-''!!''-''!!''ch''!!''gh''!!''-''!!''h-''
|-
|-
!IPA
!IPA
|/w/||/f/||/v/||/h/
|/w/||/f/||/v/||/h/
|/n/
|''-''
|/ɬ/||/ɮ/||/h/||''silent''
|/ɬ/||/ɮ/||/h/||''silent''
|''-''
|''-''
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=====Open vowels=====
=====Open vowels=====
*/aː/ is open (fully) front unrounded [aː], or near-open front unrounded [æː] ([[Media:Tigall_á.ogg|listen]]).
*/aː/ is central unrounded [äː] ([[Media:Tigall_á.ogg|listen]]).
*/ɐ/ is near-open central unrounded [ɐ] ([[Media:Tigall_a.ogg|listen]]).
*/ɐ/ is near-open central unrounded [ɐ] ([[Media:Tigall_a.ogg|listen]]).
*/ɑˁː/ is most often phonetically a diphthong [ɑɤˁ] or [äɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_ál.ogg|listen]]).
*/ɑˁː/ is most often phonetically a diphthong [ɑɤˁ] or [äɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_ál.ogg|listen]]).
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