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Seggeynni: Difference between revisions
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The pronunciation of short vowels with breathy phonation varies depending on a variety of factors. At the end of words, they are normally pronounced with a final /ɦ/, or occasionally [z] or [ɹ]. If the vowel precedes an obstruent (stop, affricate or fricative), then a voiceless fricative is inserted, that is homorganic with the obstruent e.g. / | The pronunciation of short vowels with breathy phonation varies depending on a variety of factors. At the end of words, they are normally pronounced with a final /ɦ/, or occasionally [z] or [ɹ]. If the vowel precedes an obstruent (stop, affricate or fricative), then a voiceless fricative is inserted, that is homorganic with the obstruent e.g. /sə́ˈçə̤̀tà/ - "sister" is most often pronounced [síˈçè̤stà]. However this is in free variation with preaspiration, so the word for sister can also be pronounced as [síˈçæ̤̀ʰtà]. If the vowel precedes a sonorant, then it is pronounced geminated and with breathy voice e.g. /dè̤nə̀/ - "to dance" is usually pronounced [dè̤n̤ːə̀]. | ||
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If a schwa occurs word finally and is preceded by a nasal, then the whole syllable is often deleted, with nasalisation of the preceding vowel e.g. | If a schwa occurs word finally and is preceded by a nasal, then the whole syllable is often deleted, with nasalisation of the preceding vowel e.g. ........ | ||
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If a schwa is preceded by a stop, and followed by a sonorant, then both the schwa and the preceding stop are deleted, and the sonorant is glottalised and geminated e.g. | If a schwa is preceded by a stop, and followed by a sonorant, then both the schwa and the preceding stop are deleted, and the sonorant is glottalised and geminated e.g. ...................... | ||
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====Conflicting Processes==== | ====Conflicting Processes==== | ||
If a word could be transformed in more than one way, then the rules work from left to right across the word. So | If a word could be transformed in more than one way, then the rules work from left to right across the word. So .............................. | ||
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| Seggeynni || /ˈséʕkə̀jə̀nə̀jə̀/ || [ˈséɠːə̀iɲːì] || [ˈséʔkìnì] || */ˈsɛ́ʔkìnì/ | | Seggeynni || /ˈséʕkə̀jə̀nə̀jə̀/ || [ˈséɠːə̀iɲːì] || [ˈséʔkìnì] || */ˈsɛ́ʔkìnì/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| forest || / | | forest || /ˈfò̤ɥə̀/ || [ˈfòy̤ː]] || [ˈpʰò̤wè] || */ˈfɔ̤̀wè/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sister || / | | sister || /sə́ˈçə̤̀tà/ || [síˈçè̤stà] || /ˈsʰì̤tà/ || */ˈsʰì̤tà/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| snare || /ɲḛ̂/ || [ | | snare || /ɲḛ̂/ || [ɲḭ̂ʢ] || [n̥ḛ̂ː] || */n̥ḛ̂/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | forgetful || /jámə́ˈɲì̤ː/ || [jɛ́ˈɲːì̤ː] || [ámˈnèi̤] || */ɛ́mˈnèi̤/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rotten (restrictive) || / | | rotten (restrictive) || /zə́ˈwòʔ/ || [zóˈwòʔ] || [ˈzwóʔ] || */ˈzwɔ́ʔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| everyone || /ʔáˈɫʷṳ̀ːmə̀/ || [ʔɒ́ɫʷṳ̀ːm] || [áˈlòṳⁿ] || */áˈlòṳm/ | | everyone || /ʔáˈɫʷṳ̀ːmə̀/ || [ʔɒ́ɫʷṳ̀ːm] || [áˈlòṳⁿ] || */áˈlòṳm/ | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| cave || /kʷə́ˈçḛ̂pà/ || [kʷʉ́ˈçḭ̂ʢpà] || [ˈkʰwḛ̂ːpà] || */ˈkʰwḛ̂pà/ | | cave || /kʷə́ˈçḛ̂pà/ || [kʷʉ́ˈçḭ̂ʢpà] || [ˈkʰwḛ̂ːpà] || */ˈkʰwḛ̂pà/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
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For example: | For example: | ||
/ | /ˈjḛ̂ɲə̀mə̀ ˈqòʔɲátə́=fámə́ dʑə́ˈpˤâ̰ːɽə̀ ˈwà̰ːnə́ mǎ̤ːnə̀/ | ||
[ | [ˈjîʢɲìⁿ ˈqɔ̀ɲ̰ːɛ́fːámə́ ˈdʑɘ́ˈpˤɑ̰̂ːɽʌ̀ ˈwà̰ːnə́ mǎ̤ːnə̀] | ||
enemy Hkónat=from depart.ATEL one month.ADV | enemy Hkónat=from depart.ATEL one month.ADV | ||
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vs. | vs. | ||
/ˈjḛ̂ɲə̀mə̀jə̀ ˈqòʔɲátə́= | /ˈjḛ̂ɲə̀mə̀jə̀ ˈqòʔɲátə́=fámə́ dʑə́ˈpˤâ̰ːɽə̀-ɕə́ŋə́ ˈwà̰ːnə́ mǎ̤ːnə̀/ | ||
[ | [ˈjîʢɲìⁿ ˈqɔ̀ɲ̰ːɛ́fːámə́ ˈdʑɘ́ˈpˤɑ̰̀ːɽɘ́ɕíⁿ ˈwà̰ːnə́ mǎ̤ːnə̀] | ||
enemy Hkónat=from depart.TEL one month.ADV | enemy Hkónat=from depart.TEL one month.ADV | ||
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Many verbs have completely different meanings when their aspect changes from atelic to telic. For example: | Many verbs have completely different meanings when their aspect changes from atelic to telic. For example: | ||
/ | /ˈjḛ̂ɲə̀mə̀ xə́ˈʎíːʔpə̀/ | ||
[ | [ˈjîʢɲìⁿ xíˈʎíəɓə̀] | ||
enemy sleep.ATEL | enemy sleep.ATEL | ||
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vs. | vs. | ||
/ | /ˈjḛ̂ɲə̀mə̀ xə́ˈʎìːʔpə́-ɕə́ŋə́/ | ||
[ | [ˈjêʢɲìⁿ xíˈʎìəɓíɕíⁿ] | ||
enemy sleep-TEL | enemy sleep-TEL | ||
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| Intransitive Emphatic || /wḭ̀ː/ || /ɥḭ̀ː/ || /jṵ̀ː/* || Null || /bà̰ː/ | | Intransitive Emphatic || /wḭ̀ː/ || /ɥḭ̀ː/ || /jṵ̀ː/* || Null || /bà̰ː/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Accusative || /mə́jə́/ || / | | Accusative || /mə́jə́/ || /ʎə́/ || /tɕə́/ || /sə́́wə́jə́/ || /cə́/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Accusative Emphatic || /mə́ˈjà̰/ || / | | Accusative Emphatic || /mə́ˈjà̰/ || /ˈʎè̤sə́/ || /tɕḛ̀/ || /sə́́wə́ˈjà̰/ || /cḛ̀/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Genitive Inalienable || /májə́/ || /jáwə́/ || /ɥə́/ || /ⱱə́jə́/ || / | | Genitive Inalienable || /májə́/ || /jáwə́/ || /ɥə́/ || /ⱱə́jə́/ || /jə́ʍə́/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Genitive Alienable / Ergative || /mḭ̂ː/ || /jṵ̂ː/* || /ɥô̰/ || /ⱱə́ˈjáʔ/ || /çṳ̀ː/ | | Genitive Alienable / Ergative || /mḭ̂ː/ || /jṵ̂ː/* || /ɥô̰/ || /ⱱə́ˈjáʔ/ || /çṳ̀ː/ | ||
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In certain situations, alternate forms of the second person pronoun are used. There are a variety of these, depending on the situation: | In certain situations, alternate forms of the second person pronoun are used. There are a variety of these, depending on the situation: | ||
* / | * /ˈɥô̰mə̀/ - used by a cleric to a layperson | ||
* /ˈmʲṵ̂ːŋə̀/ - used by a senior cleric to refer to a junior cleric | * /ˈmʲṵ̂ːŋə̀/ - used by a senior cleric to refer to a junior cleric | ||
* /tɕə́ˈjṵ̂ːtèn/ - literally "student", used by a teacher to a student | * /tɕə́ˈjṵ̂ːtèn/ - literally "student", used by a teacher to a student | ||
* / | * /kə́ˈçə̰̂də̀/ - literally "child", used by an adult to a child | ||
* /wṳ̀ː/ - literally "wife", used by a husband to a wife | * /wṳ̀ː/ - literally "wife", used by a husband to a wife | ||
* /ˈtfóʔɽə̀/ - used by men to slightly younger men (within a generation) that they know well | * /ˈtfóʔɽə̀/ - used by men to slightly younger men (within a generation) that they know well | ||
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* /sˤâ̰ːnə̀/ - literally "son", used by an older person to much younger men | * /sˤâ̰ːnə̀/ - literally "son", used by an older person to much younger men | ||
* /ˈdóʔɽà/ - literally "daughter", used to much younger women | * /ˈdóʔɽà/ - literally "daughter", used to much younger women | ||
* /wóˈmḛ̂/ - literally "slave", used | * /wóˈmḛ̂/ - literally "slave", used when talking to slaves. | ||
Most of these are derived from nouns, and indeed they pattern like nouns, not prononus. Notably, they take ergative-absolutive marking (with the enclitic /-zə̀wə̀/ or /-ɽə̀wə̀/ used to mark ergative case) rather than tripartite marking. | Most of these are derived from nouns, and indeed they pattern like nouns, not prononus. Notably, they take ergative-absolutive marking (with the enclitic /-zə̀wə̀/ or /-ɽə̀wə̀/ used to mark ergative case) rather than tripartite marking. | ||