Glommish/Middle

Nouns

Strong vocalic declensions

The -a declension

This declension has as counterparts the second declension (us/um) of Latin, and the omicron declension (os/on) of Greek. It contains masculine and neuter nouns.

	dag; daga day m.				wurd; wurda word m.
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Nominative	dag	–	daga	–a	wurd	–	wurda	–a
Genitive	dagъs	–ъs	daga	–a	wurdъs	–ъs	wurda	–a
Dative	dagy	–y	dagъm	–ъm	wurdy	–y	wurdъm	–ъm
Instrumental	daga	–a	--	--	wurda	–a	--	--

Examples of masculine nouns declined like dag "day": berg "mountain", weg "way", gyst "spirit", kuning "king".

The -ja declension

This declension was really just the -a declension with a j immediately preceding. However, due to various sound laws, a new declension subcategory has arisen that does not exactly follow the form of the plain -a declension. Similar developments occurred in Greek and the Slavic languages, among others.

This declension has as counterparts the second declension nouns in (-ius/-ium) of Latin. The counterparts in Greek are some second declension nouns in (-ios/-ion), as well as many that show effects of palatalization (e.g., -zdos < *-gyos or *-dyos; -llos < *-lyos; -ptos < -*pyos; -ssos or -ttos < -*tyos; -airos/-eiros/-oiros < *-aryos/-eryos/-oryos; -ainos/-einos/-oinos < *-anyos/enyos/onyos; etc., and similarly for neuter nouns in -ion or *-yon). It contains masculine and neuter nouns.

	hirdь; hirdia herdsman, shephard m.
	Singular		Plural
Nominative	hirdь	–ь	hirdia	–ia
Genitive	hirdьs	–ьs	hirdia	–ia
Dative	hirdi	–i	hirdьm	–ьm
Instrumental	hirdia	–ia	--	--

Sample nouns like hirdь: agent nouns in -arь (-aria), e.g. wahtarь (-aria) "watchman", lyrarь "teacher", andь "end", rīkь "kingdom", bedь "bed", gъtungь "language", finstarnъs "darkness", herь "army" (genitive singular heries, dative singular herie, herige).

The -wa declension

	snyw, sny; snywa snow m.				knio; knio knee n.
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Nominative	snyw, sny	–	snywa	–wa	knio	–o, –	knio	–o, –
Genitive	snywъs	–wъs	snywa	–wa	knewъs	–wъs	knewa	–wa
Dative	snywy	–wy	snewъm	–ъm	knewy	–wy	knewъm	–ъm

The -ō declension

This declension counterparts the first declension (a) of Latin, and the alpha declension (a/as) of Greek. It contains feminine nouns.

	dżāva; dżāvar gift f.
	Singular		Plural
Nominative	dżāva	–a	dżāvar	–ar
Genitive	dżāvar	–ar	dżāva	–a
Dative	dżāvaj	–aj	dżāvam	–am

Sample nouns of this declension: dżāva "gift", jerþa "earth", yra "honor", tala "number", triwa "fidelity", korunga "temptation", hardiþa "hardness", mildiþa "compassion", ganāþa "favor", losiunga "deliverance", stunda "time".

Verbs

Hard-stem weak verbs

liovan 'to love'

tense	jek	þū	er/siu/et	wīr	jūr	sia
present indicative	liova	liovarь	liovaþь	liovam	liovaþ	liovandь
present subjunctive	liova	liovas	liova	liovam	liovaþ	liovan
past indicative	liovade	liovader	liovade	liovadem	liovaded	liovaden
past subjunctive	liovadi	liovadir	liovadi	liovadim	liovadid	liovadin
imperative	-	liova!	-	-	liovaþ!	-
present participle	liovand
past participle	liovad

Soft-stem weak verbs

hъilinъ 'to heal'

tense	ek	þū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	ija
present indicative	hъilьja	hъilisь	hъiliþь	hъilimъ	hъiliþ	hъilinþь
present subjunctive	hъilьja	hъilis	hъili	hъilim	hъiliþ	hъilin
past indicative	hъilida	hъilider	hъilide	hъilidedъm	hъilidedъd	hъilidedъn
past subjunctive	hъilidedi	hъilidedir	hъilidedi	hъilidedim	hъilidedid	hъilidedin
imperative	-	hъili!	-	-	hъiliþ!	-
present participle	hъilind
past participle	hъilidъ

wrītъnъ 'to write'

tense	ek	þū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	ija
present indicative	wrīta	wrītьrь	wrītьdь	wrītъmъ	wrītьd	wrītъndь
present subjunctive	wrīta	wrītъir	wrītъi	wrītъim	wrītъid	wrītъin
past indicative	wrъit	wrъitst	wrъit	writъm	writъd	writъn
past subjunctive	writi	writir	writi	writim	writid	writin
imperative	-	wrīt!	-	-	wrītъd!	-
present participle	wrītъnd
past participle	writъnъ

keusъnъ 'to choose'

tense	ek	þū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	ija
present indicative	keusa	kiusьrь	kiusьþь	keusъmъ	kiusьd	keusъndь
present subjunctive	keusa	keusъir	keusъi	keusъim	keusъid	keusъin
past	kaus	kaust	kaus	kurъm	kurъd	kurъn
past subjunctive	kuri	kurir	kuri	kurim	kurid	kurin
imperative	-	keus!	-	-	kiusьd!	-
present participle	keusъnd
past participle	kurъnъ

bindъnъ 'to bind'

tense	ek	þū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	ija
present indicative	binda	bindьrь	bindьþь	bindъmъ	bindьd	bindъndь
present subjunctive	binda	bindъir	bindъi	bindъim	bindъid	bindъin
past	band	bandst	band	bundъm	bundъd	bundъn
past subjunctive	bundi	bundir	bundi	bundim	bundid	bundin
imperative	-	bind!	-	-	bindьd!	-
present participle	bindъnd
past participle	bundъnъ