Glommish/Middle: Difference between revisions

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! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | '''''dag; daga''<br> day m.
! colspan="4" | '''''dag; daga''<br> day m.
! colspan="4" | '''''wurd; wurda''<br> word m.
! colspan="4" | '''''čind; činda''<br> child m.
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="2" | '''Singular'''
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! '''Nominative'''
! '''Nominative'''
|| dag || '''–''' || daga || '''–a'''
|| dag || '''–''' || daga || '''–a'''
|| wurd || '''–''' || wurda || '''–a'''
|| čind || '''–''' || činda || '''–a'''
|-
|-
! '''Genitive'''
! '''Genitive'''
|| dagys || '''–ys''' || daga || '''–a'''
|| dagys || '''–ys''' || daga || '''–a'''
|| wurdys || '''–ys''' || wurda || '''–a'''
|| čindys || '''–ys''' || činda || '''–a'''
|-
|-
! '''Dative'''
! '''Dative'''
|| dagy || '''–y''' || dagym || '''–ym'''
|| dagy || '''–y''' || dagym || '''–ym'''
|| wurdy || '''–y''' || wurdym || '''–ym'''
|| čindy || '''–y''' || čindym || '''–ym'''
|-
|-
! '''Instrumental'''
! '''Instrumental'''
|| daga || '''–a''' || --|| --
|| daga || '''–a''' || --|| --
|| wurda || '''–a''' || -- || --
|| činda || '''–a''' || -- || --
|}
|}


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|}
|}


Sample nouns like '''hirdь''': agent nouns in '''-arь (-aria)''', e.g. '''wahtarь (-aria)''' "watchman", '''lyrarь''' "teacher", '''andь''' "end", '''rīkь''' "kingdom", '''bedь''' "bed", '''gytungь''' "language", '''finstarnys''' "darkness", '''herь''' "army" (genitive singular '''heries''', dative singular '''herie''').
Sample nouns like '''hirdь''': agent nouns in '''-arь (-aria)''', e.g. '''wahtarь (-aria)''' "watchman", '''lyrarь''' "teacher", '''andь''' "end", '''rīč''' "kingdom", '''bedь''' "bed", '''gytunž''' "language", '''finstarnys''' "darkness", '''herь''' "army" (genitive singular '''heries''', dative singular '''heri''').


====The -wa declension====
====The -wa declension====
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''keusъnъ'' 'to choose''''
|+ '''''čeusъnъ'' 'to choose''''
! tense || ''ek'' || ''þū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''ija''  
! tense || ''ek'' || ''þū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''ija''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''keusa'' || ''kiusьrь'' || ''kiusьþь'' || ''keusъmъ'' || ''kiusьd'' || ''keusъndь''  
| ''čeusa'' || ''čiusьrь'' || ''čiusьþь'' || ''čeusъmъ'' || ''čiusьd'' || ''čeusъndь''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''keusa'' || ''keusъir'' || ''keusъi'' ||  ''keusъim'' || ''keusъid'' || ''keusъin''
| ''čeusa'' || ''čeusъir'' || ''čeusъi'' ||  ''čeusъim'' || ''čeusъid'' || ''čeusъin''
|-
|-
! past  
! past  

Revision as of 17:56, 15 October 2016

Nouns

Strong vocalic declensions

The -a declension

This declension has as counterparts the second declension (us/um) of Latin, and the omicron declension (os/on) of Greek. It contains masculine and neuter nouns.

dag; daga
day m. 		čind; činda
child m.
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative dag – daga –a čind – činda –a
Genitive dagys –ys daga –a čindys –ys činda –a
Dative dagy –y dagym –ym čindy –y čindym –ym
Instrumental daga –a -- -- činda –a -- --

Examples of masculine nouns declined like dag "day": berg "mountain", weg "way", gyst "spirit", kuning "king".

The -ja declension

This declension was really just the -a declension with a j immediately preceding. However, due to various sound laws, a new declension subcategory has arisen that does not exactly follow the form of the plain -a declension. Similar developments occurred in Greek and the Slavic languages, among others.

This declension has as counterparts the second declension nouns in (-ius/-ium) of Latin. The counterparts in Greek are some second declension nouns in (-ios/-ion), as well as many that show effects of palatalization (e.g., -zdos < *-gyos or *-dyos; -llos < *-lyos; -ptos < -*pyos; -ssos or -ttos < -*tyos; -airos/-eiros/-oiros < *-aryos/-eryos/-oryos; -ainos/-einos/-oinos < *-anyos/enyos/onyos; etc., and similarly for neuter nouns in -ion or *-yon). It contains masculine and neuter nouns.

hirdь; hirdia
herdsman, shephard m.
Singular Plural
Nominative hirdь –ь hirdia –ia
Genitive hirdьs –ьs hirdia –ia
Dative hirdi –i hirdim –im
Instrumental hirdia –ia -- --

Sample nouns like hirdь: agent nouns in -arь (-aria), e.g. wahtarь (-aria) "watchman", lyrarь "teacher", andь "end", rīč "kingdom", bedь "bed", gytunž "language", finstarnys "darkness", herь "army" (genitive singular heries, dative singular heri).

The -wa declension

snȳw, snȳ; snȳwa
snow m. 		knio; knio
knee n.
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative snȳw, snȳ – snȳwa –wa knio –o, – knio –o, –
Genitive snȳwys –wys snȳwa –wa knewys –wys knewa –wa
Dative snȳwy –wy snewym –ym knewy –wy knewym –ym

The -ō declension

This declension counterparts the first declension (a) of Latin, and the alpha declension (a/as) of Greek. It contains feminine nouns.

dżāva; dżāvar
gift f.
Singular Plural
Nominative dżāva –a dżāvar –ar
Genitive dżāvar –ar dżāva –a
Dative dżāvaj –aj dżāvam –am

Sample nouns of this declension: dżāva "gift", jerþa "earth", ȳra "honor", tala "number", triwa "fidelity", korunga "temptation", hardiþa "hardness", mildiþa "compassion", ganāþa "favor", losiunga "deliverance", stunda "time".

Verbs

Hard-stem weak verbs

liovan 'to love'
tense jek þū er/siu/et wīr jūr sia
present indicative liova liovar liovaþь liovam liovaþ liovandь
present subjunctive liova liovas liova liovam liovaþ liovan
past indicative liovada liovader liovade liovadem liovaded liovaden
past subjunctive liovadi liovadir liovadi liovadim liovadid liovadin
imperative - liova! - - liovaþ! -
present participle liovand
past participle liovad

Soft-stem weak verbs

hȳlin 'to heal'
tense jek þū er/siu/et wīr jūr sia
present indicative hȳlia hȳlir hȳliþь hȳlim hȳliþ hȳlindь
present subjunctive hȳlia hȳlis hȳli hȳlim hȳliþ hȳlin
past indicative hȳlida hȳlider hȳlide hȳlidem hȳlided hȳliden
past subjunctive hȳlidi hȳlidir hȳlidi hȳlidim hȳlidid hȳlidin
imperative - hȳli! - - hȳliþ! -
present participle hȳlind
past participle hȳlid

Strong verbs

wrītъnъ 'to write'
tense ek þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija
present indicative wrīta wrītьrь wrītьdь wrītъmъ wrītьd wrītъndь
present subjunctive wrīta wrītъir wrītъi wrītъim wrītъid wrītъin
past indicative wrъit wrъitst wrъit writъm writъd writъn
past subjunctive writi writir writi writim writid writin
imperative - wrīt! - - wrītъd! -
present participle wrītъnd
past participle writъnъ


čeusъnъ 'to choose'
tense ek þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija
present indicative čeusa čiusьrь čiusьþь čeusъmъ čiusьd čeusъndь
present subjunctive čeusa čeusъir čeusъi čeusъim čeusъid čeusъin
past kaus kaust kaus kurъm kurъd kurъn
past subjunctive kuri kurir kuri kurim kurid kurin
imperative - keus! - - kiusьd! -
present participle keusъnd
past participle kurъnъ


bindъnъ 'to bind'
tense ek þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija
present indicative binda bindьrь bindьþь bindъmъ bindьd bindъndь
present subjunctive binda bindъir bindъi bindъim bindъid bindъin
past band bandst band bundъm bundъd bundъn
past subjunctive bundi bundir bundi bundim bundid bundin
imperative - bind! - - bindьd! -
present participle bindъnd
past participle bundъnъ
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