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|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]] (unofficially), Rttirri | |script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]] (unofficially), Rttirri | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Old Gaju''' (English: /'gɑːd͡ʒuː/, Old Gaju: ['gaɟu], [[Rttirri]]: [ˈkɑcu]) was an old form of the Gaju language, spoken by the Gaju people in eastern [[Rttirria]]. It was spoken over a much larger area than modern Gaju is: over most of eastern Rttirria. It is a member of the Rttirrian language family, descended from the Proto-South-Rttirrian langauge that is also the ancestor of modern [[Rttirri]], the nation's official language. | '''Old Gaju''' (English: /'gɑːd͡ʒuː/, Old Gaju: ['gaɟu], [[Rttirri]]: [ˈkɑcu]) was an old form of the Gaju language, spoken by the Gaju people in eastern [[Verse:Rttirria|Rttirria]] around the 14th century CE. It was spoken over a much larger area than modern Gaju is: over most of eastern Rttirria. It is a member of the Rttirrian language family, descended from the Proto-South-Rttirrian langauge that is also the ancestor of modern [[Rttirri]], the nation's official language. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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Old Gaju distinguished two tones: high and low. In addition, two contour tones were allowed in loanwords: rising and falling. | Old Gaju distinguished two tones: high and low. In addition, two contour tones were allowed in loanwords: rising and falling. The high tone was by far the most common, so low tones are distinguished in the Latin script with a [[w:grave accent|grave accent]]: '''à àà è ì ò ù'''. Rising and falling tones are distinguished as follows: '''â ââ ê î ô û ǎ ǎǎ ě ǐ ǒ ǔ'''. | ||
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==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Aspect/Politeness | ! Aspect/Politeness | ||
| ''na-'' (perfective)<br>'' | | ''na-'' (perfective)<br>''nyev-'' (polite perfective)<br>''shu-'' (habitual)<br>''tya-'' (polite habitual) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Mood | ! Mood | ||
| ''- | | ''-fta-'' (adhortative)<br>''-nag-'' (subjunctive)<br>''-kanag-'' (conditional)<br>''-khtaa-'' (imperative)<br>''-kamu-'' (generic) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Tense | ! Tense | ||
| ''- | | ''-bu-/-du-/-do-/-ju-'' (past)<br>''-mi-/-ni-/-ne-/-nyi-'' (future) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Verb Root | ! Verb Root<br>+ Question Infix | ||
| any verb | | any verb | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Auxiliary Verb | ! Auxiliary Verb | ||
| ''- | | ''-kàki'' ("to be able to")<br>''-kà'' ("to need to")<br>''-tèka'' ("to want to")<br>''-gùki'' ("to force to")<br>and others | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| dative | | dative | ||
| ''- | | ''-khtya'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ablative | | ablative | ||
| ''- | | ''-ta'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| locative | | locative | ||
| ''- | | ''-li'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| comitative | | comitative | ||
| ''- | | ''-taa'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| instrumental | | instrumental | ||
| ''- | | ''-wàtyev'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| vocative | | vocative | ||
| ''- | | ''-chastaa'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| ''na'' (I)<br>'' | | ''na'' (I)<br>''kov'' (you)<br>''la'' (he/she/it)<br>''ma'' (we)<br>''da'' (you all)<br>''daa'' (they) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| ''ni'' (me)<br>''ki'' (you)<br>''ge'' (him/her/it)<br>''mi'' (us)<br>'' | | ''ni'' (me)<br>''ki'' (you)<br>''ge'' (him/her/it)<br>''mi'' (us)<br>''di'' (you all)<br>''ti'' (them) | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Word order was subject-object-verb (SOV). | Word order was subject-object-verb (SOV), although nouns in one of the cases other than nominative or accusative could be positioned anywhere before the verb. All adjectives came after their pertinent nouns. The question particle was ''tyi''. | ||
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