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| | ====Ablaut patterns==== |
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| ==Syntax== | | ==Syntax== |
Revision as of 08:29, 26 February 2017
Proto-Talmic is a descendant of Proto-Quihum and the last common ancestor of all Talmic languages (including Thensarian, Tíogall, Nurian, Roshterian, ...). It was a fusional, head-initial language with a number system consisting of singulative, collective and plurative numbers.
Diachronics
Some sound changes from Proto-Quihum:
- Early rhotacization: lʼ, nʼ, yʼ > r
- Ejectives become voiced stops:
- cʼ z > z
- ƛʼ λ > ɮ
- qʼ qʷʼ > ɢ ɢʷ > ʁ ʁʷ
- xʷ > w word initially before a vowel
- ƛ > t
- Late rhotacization: z > r (s in unvoiced environments)
- lenition of p > φ
- Cluster simplifications
- tk, tq > rk, rq
Phonology
Consonants
| Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
|
|
|
Labial
|
Alveolar
|
Lateral
|
Palatal
|
Velar
|
Labiovelar
|
Uvular
|
Labiouvular
|
Glottal
|
| Nasal
|
*m
|
*n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Plosive
|
voiceless
|
|
*t
|
|
|
*k
|
*kʷ
|
*q
|
*qʷ
|
|
| voiced
|
*b
|
*d
|
|
|
*g
|
*gʷ
|
|
|
|
| Fricative
|
voiceless
|
*ɸ
|
*s
|
*ɬ
|
|
|
|
|
|
*h
|
| voiced
|
|
|
*ɮ
|
|
|
|
*ʁ
|
*ʁʷ
|
|
| Resonant
|
|
*r
|
*l
|
*j
|
|
*w
|
|
Vowels
a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū
Diphthongs:
ai ei oi ui əi aw ew iw ow əw
Thensarian reflexes
PTal reflexes in bold
- *a > o > o
- *ax̌, əx̌, ax̌ʷ > ā > ā
- *aʔ, əx̌ʷ > ō > ō
- *ə > e > e
- *i > i > i
- *u > u > u
- *ay > oi > ȳ
- *əy > ai > ae
- *iy > ei > ē
- *uy > ui > ui
- *iʔ, ix > ī > ī
- *aw > ow > ao
- *əw > ew > iō
- *iw > iw > iū
- *uʔ, ux, uxʷ > ū > ū
- *uw > ou > ao
- *Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ > Ca > Ca
- *Cxʷ > Co > Co
- *Cx > Cə > Cy
- *əʔ, əx, ix̌ > ē > ē
- *ux̌, x̌u > ō > ō
- *axʷ, ax̌ʷ > aw > ao
- *ixʷ, ix̌ʷ > ew > iō
- *ux̌ʷ > ō > ō
- *iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ > ija > iā
- *əyx̌, əyx̌ʷ > eja > eā
- *iy(ə)x > ije > iē
Morphology
Nouns and adjectives
Masculine nouns
| ɮoirom 'bird'
|
|
|
Singulative
|
Collective
|
Plurative
|
| Indefinite
|
ɮoirom |
ɮeɮoirom |
ɮoirīs
|
| Definite
|
ɮoirai |
ɮeɮoirai |
ɮoirinnə
|
| Possessed forms of ɮoirom - 'bird'
|
Number→
State↓
|
Singulative
|
Plurative
|
| Construct
|
ɮoirot |
ɮoirinnət
|
Feminine nouns
| gʷondā 'body'
|
|
|
Singulative
|
Collective
|
Plurative
|
| Indefinite
|
gʷondā |
gegʷondā |
gʷondār
|
| Definite
|
gʷondām |
gegʷondām |
gʷondās
|
| Possessed forms of gʷondā - 'body'
|
Number→
State↓
|
Singulative
|
Plurative
|
| Construct
|
gʷondat |
gʷondāsat
|
| 1sg possessor
|
gʷondan |
gʷondasan
|
| 2sg.m possessor
|
gʷondassi |
gʷondasassi
|
| 2sg.f possessor
|
gʷondassiu |
gʷondasassiu
|
| 3sg.m possessor
|
gʷondatiu |
gʷondasiu
|
| 3sg.f possessor
|
gʷondatī |
gʷondasī
|
| 3sg.n possessor
|
gʷondata |
gʷondasa
|
| 1exc possessor
|
gʷondasmə |
gʷondasasmə
|
| 1inc possessor
|
gʷondaswi |
gʷondasaswi
|
| 2pl possessor
|
gʷondaka |
gʷondaseka
|
| 3pl possessor
|
gʷondatōr |
gʷondasōr
|
Neuter nouns
| tektəs 'child'
|
|
|
Singulative
|
Collective
|
Plurative
|
| Indefinite
|
tektəs |
tetektəs |
tektəen
|
| Definite
|
tektəes |
tetektəes |
tektəer
|
| Possessed forms of tektəs - 'child'
|
Number→
State↓
|
Singulative
|
Plurative
|
| Construct
|
tektət |
tektəerət
|
| 1sg possessor
|
tektən |
tektəerən
|
| 2sg.m possessor
|
tektəssi |
tektəerəssi
|
| 2sg.f possessor
|
tektəssiu |
tektəerəssiu
|
| 3sg.m possessor
|
tektiu |
tektəeriu
|
| 3sg.f possessor
|
tektī |
tektəerī
|
| 3sg.n possessor
|
tektəta |
tektəerta
|
| 1exc possessor
|
tektəsmo |
tektəersmo
|
| 1inc possessor
|
tektəswi |
tektəerswi
|
| 2pl possessor
|
tektəka |
tektəerka
|
| 3pl possessor
|
tektōr |
tektəerōr
|
| jenaqs 'water' (n.)
|
|
|
Singulative
|
Collective
|
| Indefinite
|
jenaqs |
jenenaqs
|
| Definite
|
jenaqes |
jenenaqes
|
| stuφs 'fire' (n.)
|
|
|
Singulative
|
Collective
|
| Indefinite
|
stuφs |
stetuφs
|
| Definite
|
stuφes |
stetuφes
|
Verbs
Object markers
Object affixes
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1
|
ni-
|
mē-
|
| 1 + 2
|
-
|
ɬē-
|
| 2
|
ti-
|
sē-
|
| 3
|
bi-
|
nē-
|
TAM + subject markers
Present indicative
| Person |
ʁaisman "I swim"
(vowel stem) |
kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
|
| 1SG |
*ʁaisman |
*kaφsən
|
| 2SG |
*ʁaismar |
*kaφsər
|
| 3SG.M |
*ʁaismam |
*kaφsəm
|
| 3SG.F |
*ʁaismasim |
*kaφsəsim
|
| 3SG.N |
*ʁaisma |
*kaφs
|
| 1EX |
*ʁaismamē |
*kaφsmē
|
| 1IN |
*ʁaismant |
*kaφsənt
|
| 2PL |
*ʁaismaske |
*kaφsəske
|
| 3PL |
*ʁaismat |
*kaφsət
|
|
Preterite indicative
| Person |
ʁaisman "I swim"
(vowel stem) |
kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
|
| 1SG |
*ʁaismannem |
*keφsənnem
|
| 2SG |
*ʁaismarəg |
*keφsrəg
|
| 3SG.M |
*ʁaismasəm |
*keφsəsəm
|
| 3SG.F |
*ʁaismast |
*keφsəst
|
| 3SG.N |
*ʁaismaso |
*keφso
|
| 1EX |
*ʁaismamer |
*keφsəmer
|
| 1IN |
*ʁaismanter |
*keφsənter
|
| 2PL |
*ʁaismasker |
*keφsəsker
|
| 3PL |
*ʁaismater |
*keφsəter
|
|
Subjunctive
| Person |
ʁaisman "I swim"
(vowel stem) |
kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
|
| 1SG |
*ʁaismanai |
*kaφsnai
|
| 2SG |
*ʁaismarai |
*kaφsrai
|
| 3SG.M |
*ʁaismamewr |
*kaφsmewr
|
| 3SG.F |
*ʁaismasewr |
*kaφsəsewr
|
| 3SG.N |
*ʁaismawr |
*kaφsewr
|
| 1EX |
*ʁaismamai |
*kaφsmai
|
| 1IN |
*ʁaismantai |
*kaφsəntai
|
| 2PL |
*ʁaismaskai |
*kaφsəskai
|
| 3PL |
*kaismatewr |
*kaφsətewr
|
|
Imperative
| Person |
ʁaisman "I swim"
(vowel-stem) |
kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
|
| 2SG |
*ʁaismā! |
*kaφsə!
|
| 1IN |
*ʁaismantē! |
*kaφsəntē!
|
| 2PL |
*ʁaismaskē! |
*kaφsəskē!
|
|
Ablaut patterns
Syntax