Roshterian: Difference between revisions
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*'''subject+aspect''' | *'''subject+aspect''' | ||
====Discourse markers==== | =====Discourse markers===== | ||
====Evidentiality affixes==== | =====Evidentiality affixes===== | ||
Evidentials mark the source of the speaker's information; a ''lack'' of evidential marking signals that the verb is an imperative or a purpose clause. Other discourse affixes also go into this slot. | Evidentials mark the source of the speaker's information; a ''lack'' of evidential marking signals that the verb is an imperative or a purpose clause. Other discourse affixes also go into this slot. | ||
*''qa-'': I witnessed or otherwise directly experienced this | *''qa-'': I witnessed or otherwise directly experienced this | ||
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*''hy-'' (< PTal ''*səni stə...'' 'tell me that...'): interrogative (used for both wh-questions and yes-no questions) | *''hy-'' (< PTal ''*səni stə...'' 'tell me that...'): interrogative (used for both wh-questions and yes-no questions) | ||
====Negative/focus affixes==== | =====Negative/focus affixes===== | ||
Negation is marked with the negative affix ''mis-'' or ''mi-'', which may alter the verb stem to its incorporating form. | Negation is marked with the negative affix ''mis-'' or ''mi-'', which may alter the verb stem to its incorporating form. | ||
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*Focused negative: ''tir-'' | *Focused negative: ''tir-'' | ||
====Causative person markers==== | =====Causative person markers===== | ||
The causative prefixes are used in causative verbs to index the agent causing the action of the object-ROOT-subject complex. The causative person marker comes from forms of the verb ''oona'' 'to do/make' (''*oonan sy'' 'I make it that' > ''oony-'' > ''ony-''). | The causative prefixes are used in causative verbs to index the agent causing the action of the object-ROOT-subject complex. The causative person marker comes from forms of the verb ''oona'' 'to do/make' (''*oonan sy'' 'I make it that' > ''oony-'' > ''ony-''). | ||
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|} | |} | ||
====Object person markers==== | =====Object person markers===== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|+ Object affixes | |+ Object affixes | ||
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|} | |} | ||
====Subject+TAM markers==== | =====Subject+TAM markers===== | ||
{{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
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{{col-end}} | {{col-end}} | ||
====Voice affixes==== | =====Voice affixes===== | ||
*''-ron'' = passive suffix | *''-ron'' = passive suffix | ||
====Auxiliaries==== | =====Auxiliaries===== | ||
*''-dunqan'': 'I must/have to' (negated: 'I don't have to') | *''-dunqan'': 'I must/have to' (negated: 'I don't have to') | ||
*''-peeren'': 'I can/I'm able to' | *''-peeren'': 'I can/I'm able to' | ||
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*''-s̱an'': 'I want to/intend to' | *''-s̱an'': 'I want to/intend to' | ||
===Copula=== | ====Copula==== | ||
To express "is a [NOUN]" or "is [ADJ]", the copula ''-(l)uan'' is suffixed to the bare stem of X; X plus the copula then goes to the normal stem slot for purposes of verb inflection. The noun itself doesn't go into the plural even when the subject is plural. | To express "is a [NOUN]" or "is [ADJ]", the copula ''-(l)uan'' is suffixed to the bare stem of X; X plus the copula then goes to the normal stem slot for purposes of verb inflection. The noun itself doesn't go into the plural even when the subject is plural. | ||
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:''It was apparently the king who did it.'' / ''The king apparently did it.'' | :''It was apparently the king who did it.'' / ''The king apparently did it.'' | ||
====Inflection==== | =====Inflection===== | ||
The copula is suppletive; it also has only non-past indicative and past indicative forms. | The copula is suppletive; it also has only non-past indicative and past indicative forms. | ||