Thulean

Introduction

Description

The Thulean language (endonym: Minigkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families have been made in the past. Also, of course, not unexpectedly, there are the wild claims of a relationship between Thulean and the usual suspects of Sumerian, Etruscan or Basque. It is spoken by the Silhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

The Thurse

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny among both sexes are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Tilku) the westernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

Influences

The phonology was initially inspired by the phonaesthetics of Finnish and Quenya (the Vanyarin dialect specifically) but soon followed its own trajectory to become its own thing. Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

Goals

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too complex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.

Phonology

Orthography

1) Thulean is written in the Latin script. The spelling is primarily phonemic but will change to indicate the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

a) Consonants

			Labial	Dental	Alveolar		Retroflex	Palatal	Velar		Glottal
					Central	Lateral			Plain	Labialised
Sonorant	Nasal	Fortis	mm		nn		nnr	ggj	gg	ggw
		Lenis	m		n		nr	gj	g	gw
	Liquid	Fortis			rr	ll	llr	llj
		Lenis			r	l	lr	lj
Stop		Fortis	pp		tt	ttl	ttr	kkj	kk	kkw
		Lenis	p		t	tl	tr	kj	k	kw	x
Fricative		Fortis		þþ	ss	ssl	ssr	qqj	qq	qqw
		Lenis		þ	s	sl	sr	qj	q	qw
Approximant			v					j	h	w

b) Vowels —Monophthongs

	Front	Back
High	i	u
Low	a

c) Vowels —Diphthongs

	Front	Back
Rising	ia	ua
Low Falling	ai	au
High Falling	ui	iu

2) Coda /n`/ is written as "n", coda /J/ is written as "g".

3) Coda /l`/ and coda /L/ are both written as "l".

4) The glottal stop is not written in word-initial position.

5) Thulean uses Arabic numerals to represent numbers.

Consonants

Thulean has 53 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

			Labial	Dental	Alveolar		Retroflex	Palatal	Velar		Glottal
					Central	Lateral			Plain	Labialised
Sonorant	Nasal	Fortis	/mb/		/nd/		/ɳɖʐ/	/ɲʥ/	/ŋg/	/ŋgw/
		Lenis	/m/		/n/		/ɳ/	/ɲ/	/ŋ/	/ŋw/
	Liquid	Fortis			/rd/	/ld/	/ɭɖʐ/	/ʎʥ/
		Lenis			/r/	/l/	/ɭ/	/ʎ/
Stop		Fortis	/pp/		/tt/	/ttɬ/	/ʈʈʂ/	/tʨ/	/kk/	/kkw/
		Lenis	/p/		/t/	/tɬ/	/ʈʂ/	/ʨ/	/k/	/kw/	/ʔ/
Fricative		Fortis		/θθ/	/ss/	/ɬɬ/	/ʂʂ/	/ɕɕ/	/xx/	/xxw/
		Lenis		/θ/	/s/	/ɬ/	/ʂ/	/ɕ/	/x/	/xw/
Approximant			/v/					/j/	/h/	/w/

Vowels

Thulean phonology recognises 3 monophthongs and 6 diphthongs. According to WALS the rising diphthongs count as additional vowel qualities which gives a total of 5 vowels. WALS considers this an average inventory. Thus the consonant to vowel ratio is 10.6 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

Monophthongs

	Front	Back
High	/i/	/u/
Low	/a/

Diphthongs

	Front	Back
Rising	/ɛ:/	/ɔ:/
Low Falling	/aɪ/	/aʊ/
High Falling	/ɔɪ/	/əʊ/

Allophony

1) Nasals are realised as their corresponding voiced stop when following a liquid coda.

2) /ɳ/ is realised as [ɖʐ] in onset position.

3) /N/ is realised as [g] in word-initial position.

4) /ŋʷ/ is realised as [gʷ] in word-initial position.

5) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

6) All lenis stops, but not the glottal stop, are aspirated in word-initial position.

7) /p, t, tɬ, tʂ, tɕ, k, kʷ, θ, s, ɬ, ʂ, ɕ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

8) /x/ is realised as [ɕ] in coda position.

9) /i/ is realised as [E] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

10) /i/ is realised as [E] after a /j/ onset.

11) /u/ is realised as [ɔ] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

12) /u/ is realised as [O] after a /w/ onset.

Prosody

Stress

Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation.

Intonation

Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

Phonotactics

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɳ, ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ɭ, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, θ, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

	m	ɲ	ŋ	p	t	tɬ	ʨ	k	kʷ	ʔ	θ	s	ɕ	x	xʷ	v	j	h	w
m				mp						mʔ						mv
n					nt	ntɬ				nʔ	nθ	ns
ɲ							ɲʨ						ɲɕ
ŋ								ŋk	ŋkʷ	ŋʔ				ŋx	ŋxʷ			ŋh
r	rm	rɲ	rŋ	rp	rt	rtɬ	rʨ	rk	rkʷ	rʔ	rθ	rs	rɕ	rx	rxʷ	rv	rj	rh	rw
l	lm		lŋ	lp	lt			lk	lkʷ	lʔ	lθ	ls		lx	lxʷ	lv		lh	lw
ʎ							ʎʨ						ʎɕ
p											pθ	ps		px
t											tθ	ts		tx
k											kθ	ks		kx
θ				θp	θt	θtɬ	θʨ	θk	θkʷ	θʔ
s				sp	st	stɬ	sʨ	sk	skʷ	sʔ
x				xp	xt	xtɬ	xʨ	xk	xkʷ	xʔ

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur within a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

Consonant Gradation

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis consonants

b) Lenis stops following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) Consonant gradation proceeds as per the tables below:

a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid coda or a vowel:

GRADE I	GRADE II	GRADE III
mb	m
nd	n
ɲʥ	ɲ
ŋg	ŋ
ŋgʷ	ŋʷ
rd	r
ld	l
ʎʥ	ʎ
pp	p	v
tt	t	r
ttɬ	tɬ	l
tʨ	ʨ	j
kk	k	h
kkʷ	kʷ	w
θθ	θ
ss	s
ɬɬ	ɬ
ɕɕ	ɕ
xx	x
xxʷ	xʷ

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:

GRADE I	GRADE II
mp	mb
nt	nd
ntɬ	ld
ɲʨ	ɲʥ
ŋk	ŋg
ŋkʷ	ŋgʷ

4) Consonant gradation occurs after /i/ epenthesis and metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

Sandhi

1) In Thulean, sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) An epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the following types of epenthetic clusters:

a) morpheme coda + fortis consonant

b) morpheme coda + consonant cluster

3) If a prefix ends in a consonant then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted between the prefix and the following root.

4) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

	m	n	ɲ	ŋ	ŋʷ	r	l	ʎ	p	t	tɬ	ʨ	k	kʷ	ʔ	s	ɬ	ɕ	x	xʷ	v	j	h	w
m	mb	nd	ɲʥ	ŋg	ŋgʷ	rm	lm	ʎɲ	mp	nt	ntɬ	ɲʨ	ŋk	ŋkʷ	mʔ	ns	nθ	ɲɕ	ŋx	ŋxʷ	mv	ɲ	ŋh	ŋʷ
n															nʔ
t	nt		ɲʨ	nt	ŋkʷ	rt	tɬ	ʎʨ	pp	tt	ttɬ	tʨ	kk	kkʷ	tt	ts	tɬ	ʨ	tx	kkʷ	kʷ	ʨ	tx	kʷ
k	ŋk			ŋk		rk	lk								kk	ks			kx				kx
x	ŋx		nɕ	ŋx	ŋxʷ	rx	lx	ʎɕ	ɕp	ɕt	ɕtɬ	ɕʨ	ɕk	ɕkʷ	xʔ	ss	ɬɬ	ɕɕ	xx	xxʷ		ɕ	xx	xʷ

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

Morphology

General Notes

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

Nominal Structure

1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s)+ number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

Cases

Nominal Case Declension

Case	Prefix	Function	Examples
Absolutive	Ø-	Marks the nominal citation form Marks the O argument of a transitive verb Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
Ergative	qa-	Marks the A argument of a transitive verb Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
Instrumental	ki-	Indicates the use of an instrument or tool Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments Marks direct causal arguments Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
Locative	jet-	Indicates location or place Indicates time, event, or occasion Marks the locative comitative Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
Allative	nu-	Indicates direction, goal, or destination Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as) Marks the beneficiary of an action Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
Ablative	pik-	Indicates motion away from Indicates origin Indicates distance from a reference point Indicates time since an event occurred Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of) Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
Perlative	me-	Indicates motion through, across or along Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission Indicates duration Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative Marks indirect causal arguments Encodes distributive functions
Equative	sin-	Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition Encodes comparative marking (as, than) Marks ordinality in numerals Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)

Number

1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makux = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnax = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -x

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -xe

Possession

1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nni

2SG: -kki

3SG ANIM: -tti

3SG INAN: -mmi

4SG ANIM: -lli

4SG INAN: -ssi

1PL EXCL: -nnu

1PL INCL: -ppu

2PL: -kku

3PL ANIM: -ttu

3PL INAN: -mmu

4PL ANIM: -llu

4PL INAN: -ssu

EG:

a)

tlannatti

= her children

b)

tlannaxeppu

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

akimeq katutti = the woman's cat

a-kimeq kattu-tti

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

The Indefinite

1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikiselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikiselhat tatli

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

Demonstratives

1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janahiksi = this man

b)

qavantje = yon apples that are in sight

Gender

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paþanti kattu

= the pretty cat

paþþa-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

Pronouns

1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows, absolutive (other cases):

1SG: nini (inni)

2SG: kiki (ikki)

3SG ANIM: titi (itti)

3SG INAN: mimi (immi)

4SG ANIM: liri (illi)

4SG INAN: sisi (issi)

1PL EXCL: nunu (unnu)

1PL INCL: pupu (uppu)

2PL: kuku (ukku)

3PL ANIM: tutu (uttu)

3PL INAN: mumu (ummu)

4PL ANIM: luru (ullu)

4PL INAN: susu (ussu)

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paþanti tin

= the pretty one

paþþa-nti tin

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukxalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pikijanat telli

= anyone of the men

pik-janak-t tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikiqavan mutli

= any of the apples

pik-qavan muk-li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

tigki xinnunti

= he sees himself

tin-ki xintu-nti

3SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

ligki xinnunti

= he sees him

lin-ki xintu-nti

4SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

qavagxente tenqarxansi

= she eats her own apple

Ø-qavan-xe-nte ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

qavagxelli tenqarxansi

= she eats her apple

Ø-qavan-xe-lle ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reciprocal Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vamin

4SG ANIM: valin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vatuk

3PL INAN: vamuk

4PL ANIM: valuk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *qavanti tin

= the one who is not

qapa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Relative Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimex qavan lenqarxammu kijanak xinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimex Ø-qavan len-qarxa-mmu janak-ki qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

1) Interrogatives pronouns are formed by affixing -ka to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

a)

migka keniqarxammi

= you're eating what?

Ø-min-ka ken-qarxa-mmi

ABS-3SG.INAN.PRON 2SG.ERG-eat-3SG.INAN.ABS

Numerals

1) Numerals are treated as nominals.

2) The numeral system is hybrid vigesimal-decimal

3) The thurse language families of Western Europe and Basque, while otherwise unrelated, share the same set of basic numerals: the Western Palaeo-European Numerals (WPEN).

4) The cardinal numerals from 1-10 are as per the table below:

Numbers
Num.	Name	WPEN
1	vaþi	*bade
2	miha	*miga
3	kiruþ	*kirur
4	lawaþ	*lawur
5	marsi	*martse
6	srai	*xai
7	saspi	*saspi
8	rassu	*ratsu
9	vaþirassu	*baderatsu
10	tamvaþ	*tambar

tamvaþi = 11

tammiha = 12

tagkiruþ = 13

tallawaþ = 14

tammarsi = 15

tansrai = 16

tansaspi = 17

tarrassi = 18

tamvaþirassu = 19

pujai = 20 (WPEN: *pogai)

mihapujai = 40

truþpujai = 60

luþpujai = 80

ikum = 100 (WPEN: *ekum)

mihakum = 200

kirugkum = 300

lawagkum = 400

marsikum = 500

sraikum = 600

saspikum = 700

rassukum = 800

vaþirassukun = 900

milju = 1,000

milljun = 1,000,000

milju vaþirassukun kirumpujai marse = 1965

5) Nouns counted by a cardinal numeral take the ablative case and precede the numeral.

EG:

pigkelhit vaþirassu

= nine lords

pik-milki-t vaþirassu

ABL-lord-PL nine

6) Ordinal numerals are indicated with the equative case:

EG:

simpujai vaþi kispit

= the twenty-first month

sin-pujai vaþi kispi-t

EQU-twenty one month-PL

7) Fractions are encoded by a periphrastic construction involving kwerþi "piece, portion" and the ablative case.

EG:

pigkinta sigkirun kwirþi

= the third part of the water, a third of the water

pik-ninta sin-kirun kwirþi

ABL-water EQU-three portion

Other resources

A

agja = copper

aqaq = fire

Ailrin = April

aira = trees, forest

alman = woad

altin = knife

alwa = lark

ana = fruits

Anajat = September

antra = young woman, girl

apa = to be not, negative auxiliary

aqqa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

aragkja = orange (fruit)

arha = to eat

arhat = silver

aru = kernel, core, vulva (euphemism)

asaþ = to bind, to imprison

aspin = be under, be beneath (stative), go under, go beneath (active)

aþan = blood

aurikut = apricot

ausla = police, militia

auslaq = cop

avan = apples

G

galin = to have faith in (stative), to trust (active)

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

gjara = to be content (stative), to purr (active)

H

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

hanta = to give

-hanþi = too much, excessively

hilka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

hulvu = beak, big nose

hurmu = to be dark or dim (stative), to dim or lower the light (active)

I

iani = year

ikum = hundred

ikwali = to be of good quality (stative), to have good intentions (active)

Ikwu = February

Ilimvu = March

ilit = bronze

iqjam = stars

iqku = hand

iqkai = to be handsome (stative), to be vain (active)

iqpi = to taste (stative), to savour (active), to perform cunnilingus (active)

isak = salmon

isarru = iron

isin = leaves

iskalva = eagle, hawk, falcon

iskalvaþatan = aeroplane

isparwa = crow

Islat = Iceland

issit = hair

istilu = pen

J

jagku = to count, to enumerate

jaipix = fishes

jakin = boat

jalla = trees, forest

janak = man

java = night

Jiamun = December

jillra = the collectivity of Thulean gods. Most Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God.

jilraq = Thulean god. Some Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God. It's something of a doctrinal point between different denominations.

jinsa = pine tree

Juvi = Thursday

K

kai = but

kalin = dog

kallun = priest of the native Thulean religion

-kani = nice, pleasant

Kantlu = May

kapitagju = captain (OF-4)

karra = stone

karvat = wagon, cart

katin = chains

katigkarvat = railway train

katigwala = laser

katlik = castle, fort

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattu = cat

kavallu = horse

kavi = coffee

kiggat = to drink, to imbibe

kigjia = to love (stative), to love (active)

kiapiþ = shadow

kilisja = church

kinirali = general (OF-8)

kintimitru = centimetre

kirri = land, country

kirritritta = infrastructure

kispe = moon, month

kilumitru = kilometre

kilutramma = kilogram

kimiq = woman

kirun = three

kjavi = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

kjukulat = chocolate

kjuni = nose

Kukja = November

kunnra = witch, sorcerer

kuntrakapitagju = counter-captain (OF-3)

kuntrakinirali = counter-general (OF-7)

kuntralukutinat = counter-lieutenant (OF-1)

kuntrakurpulari = counter-corporal (OR-2)

kuntramaristlu = counter-marshal (OF-9)

kuntratrunilu = counter-colonel (OF-5)

kurpulari = corporal (OR-3)

kwina = a smile

-kwipsu = never

kwirþi = piece, portion

kwistapuli = constable (OR-1)

Kwistapulari = the Constabulary, the general term for the Thulean armed forces.

kwitsan = feathers

L

lakju = thug, bravo

lakka = duck

-lunti = today

lawan = four

-limut = should, must, ought

linnu = valley

lira = sea ocean

litra = litre

-lkwa = white, blonde

-lmaq = transitiviser

lukut = mice

lukutinat = lieutenant (OF-2)

Lunai = Monday

M

mairi = major (OR-7)

mairihalla = master major (OR-8)

mairivinja = chief major (OR-9)

maislit = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

makkuslusi = pork

-mani = much, a lot

maristlu = marshal (OF-10)

marsi = five

Marti = Tuesday

marþin = to desire (stative), to want (active)

maru = to cry out in pain or grief (stative), to kick up a fuss (active)

maþin = bread

milja = thousand

milki = lord, lady

millilitra = millilitre, cubic centimetre

millimitru = millimetre

millitramma = milligram

milljun = million

Mirkuri = Wednesday

mitrumitru = micron, micrometre

mitrutramma = microgram

misalka = blackbird

mitru = metre

miha = two

-mmilit = black, brunette

N

nara = to be, to exist (stative), to become (active)

Narwirka = Norway

naska = ring (jewellery)

nasra = bones

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

nravi = eye

nugaxala vuta = hospital

nukjia = eels

nummi = to be red

P

pagkju = to buy

pujai = twenty

pakka! = fuck!

palka = to go

panana = banana

parma = to be ignorant (stative), to be unwilling to learn (active)

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

paþþa = be beautiful, be pretty (stative), gussy oneself up (active)

pigkilu = pencil

pinta = to fill

pilun = lead

piriþ = to die (stative), to die of self-neglect, to pine away (active)

Q

qaniq = willow trees

qaste = world

qintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

qjammi = sky

qjinna = nature spirits

qjinnaq = nature spirit

-qku = instrumental applicative

-qpak = diminutive

Qwiqjaþ = Sweden

qwistu = winds

qwistuq = breeze, gust of wind

R

rassu = eight

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

riþþu = to have sang-froid (stative), to keep one's cool (active)

Riulu = August

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

S

Samun = June

saspi = seven

Saturri = Saturday

saxwa = sun, day

silka = person, human being

Simissan = January

sirvintu = sergeant (OR-4)

sirvintuhalla = master sergeant (OR-5)

sirvintuvinja = chief sergeant (OR-6)

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

slaka = to be enslaved, to be in thrall (stative), to be indentured, to serve (active)

slahalmax = to rule, to command

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

srai = six

srispitri = Christian priest

Suli = Sunday

suttra = sugar

-sun = detransitiviser

sunik = snow

sunra = fingers, hand

sunrax = finger

suvi = strawberries

T

taha = sword

taikut = to name

taina = foot

-taina = allative applicative

tainu = tin

takku = to bring, to fetch

tamman = ten

Tammarki = Denmark

tansa = owl

Tilku = Thule

tianinta = tea

tlanta = children

tlamu = be ill (stative), become ill (active)

tlanu = throne

Tlusslu = the Squid Mother, the Ten-Armed Lady, Mistress of all Sea-Creatures, Thulean Goddess.

tramma = gram

tritta = skeleton, frame

trukin = hat

trunilu = colonel (OF-6)

tumati = tomato

Þ

þarja = wheel

þarjaqikwa = automobile

þatan = wing

Þistlat = Germany

Þuman = July

þurku = be bad, be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

þurru = fist

U

Uirun = October

unnu = pillow

unnujakin = hovercraft

uruk = enemies

usse = gemstone

V

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

valþa = wolves

vanþu = peak, mountaintop, hilltop

varru = raven

vartu = cloak

vaski = to bundle up, to amass

vassli = wasp

vassliþatan = helicopter

vaþi = one

vaþirassu = eight

vau = and (conjoins two phrases)

Villat = Finland

Viniri = Friday

vinistra = window

-virri = new, young, fresh

virru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vunnu = needle

vurku = badger

vurju = be yellow

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

W

wala = light

wiuru = amber

Thulean Flags

Thulean national flag

Naval ensign

Civil ensign

The footed Othala rune as used in Thulean iconography represents the Squid Goddess Tlusslu. In the alternate universe where Thule exists, Neo-Nazi groups have been rigorously discouraged from making use of this symbol. However, the Thuleans do tolerate the use of the footed Othala rune by Odinists, Asatruar and other adherents of Pagan religions.