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Rówok: Difference between revisions
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There are the standard three persons in all [[#Number|numbers]], as well as an inclusive 1st person dual and plural. For more see [[#Pronouns|pronouns]]. | There are the standard three persons in all [[#Number|numbers]], as well as an inclusive 1st person dual and plural. For more see [[#Pronouns|pronouns]]. | ||
=== | ===Alignment=== | ||
Verbs show a partial tripartite alignment, partial fluid-s alignment. | |||
===Agency and Animacy=== | |||
There are thus 7 levels of agency in Rówok: | |||
#active agent both animate and when inanimate agents cause an effect (i.e. movement, chemical change, destruction of an object, etc.) - subject in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] | |||
#inactive agent animate - subject in the ergative | |||
#middle agent animate - subject in the ergative | |||
#middle agent inanimate - subject in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] | |||
#middle patient/agent animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]] | |||
#middle patient animate - the only subject not shown obliquely with the logical subject in the benefactive with an agentless causative verb in the middle (slip, trip, etc.) | |||
#passive patient both (in)animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]] | |||
If the subject of the middle verb is the agent but not (necessarily) the patient, it is marked ergatively/actively; if it is both the agent and patient it is marked in the telic. Also the subject of a passive verb is in the telic. | |||
Examples: | |||
: | |||
The first of each set of the following 6 sentences shows the middle voice and how agency differs between the alignment of the verbal structure depending on the semantic of the verb. Then follow examples with the same grammatical subject and main verb provided in the [[#Active voice|active]] and [[#Passive|passive]] for comparison. | |||
- root '''krp''', "to fight" | |||
the dogs are fighting a | :1) '''mowokín kárpŧawan ''' | ||
:dog.pl.'''erg''' fight.3.pl.'''MID''' | |||
:the dogs are fighting (each other/amongst themselves) | |||
:+The key being that the dogs are the agents of fighting in a mutual exercise, but not patients, due to the semantics of 'fight'. | |||
''' | :2) '''mowokín razánka kárpawan''' | ||
:dog.pl.'''erg''' bear.tel fight.3.sg.'''ACT''' | |||
:the dogs are fighting a bear | |||
dog.pl.'''inst''' bear.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS''' | :3) '''mwokíngod razánka kárpanak''' | ||
:dog.pl.'''inst''' bear.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS''' | |||
:the bear is being fought by the dogs | |||
- root '''wkd''', "to kill" | |||
'''mwokínok wokóđowon''' | :4) '''mwokínok wokóđowon''' | ||
:dog.pl.'''tel''' kill.3.pl.'''MID''' | |||
dog.pl.'''tel''' kill.3.pl.'''MID''' | :The dogs are killing each other | ||
:+Here the dogs are both agents and patients, doing the killing action, of which they are also patients* | :+Here the dogs are both agents and patients, doing the killing action, of which they are also patients* | ||
'''mowokín saráynka wokódowon''' | :5) '''mowokín saráynka wokódowon''' | ||
:dog.pl.'''erg''' rabbit.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT''' | |||
:the dogs are killing a rabbit | |||
:6) '''mwokíngod saráynka wokódonok''' | |||
:dog.pl.'''inst''' rabbit.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS''' | |||
:the rabbit is being killed by the dogs | |||
'''mwokíngod saráynka wokódonok''' | |||
dog.pl.'''inst''' rabbit.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS''' | |||
the rabbit is being killed by the dogs | |||
===Telicity=== | ===Telicity=== | ||
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<!-- etc. etc. --> | <!-- etc. etc. --> | ||
==Colloquial Rówok== | ==Colloquial Rówok== | ||