Glommish/Middle

Nouns

Strong vocalic declensions

The -a declension

This declension has as counterparts the second declension (us/um) of Latin, and the omicron declension (os/on) of Greek. It contains masculine and neuter nouns.

	dag; daga day m.				čind; činda child m.
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Nominative	dag	–	daga	–a	čind	–	činda	–a
Genitive	dagys	–ys	daga	–a	čindys	–ys	činda	–a
Dative	dagy	–y	dagym	–ym	čindy	–y	čindym	–ym
Instrumental	daga	–a	--	--	činda	–a	--	--

Examples of masculine nouns declined like dag "day": berg "mountain", weg "way", gȳst "spirit", kuning "king".

The -ja declension

This declension was really just the -a declension with a j immediately preceding. However, due to various sound laws, a new declension subcategory has arisen that does not exactly follow the form of the plain -a declension. Similar developments occurred in Greek and the Slavic languages, among others.

This declension has as counterparts the second declension nouns in (-ius/-ium) of Latin. The counterparts in Greek are some second declension nouns in (-ios/-ion), as well as many that show effects of palatalization (e.g., -zdos < *-gyos or *-dyos; -llos < *-lyos; -ptos < -*pyos; -ssos or -ttos < -*tyos; -airos/-eiros/-oiros < *-aryos/-eryos/-oryos; -ainos/-einos/-oinos < *-anyos/enyos/onyos; etc., and similarly for neuter nouns in -ion or *-yon). It contains masculine and neuter nouns.

	hirdь; hirdia herdsman, shephard m.
	Singular		Plural
Nominative	hirdь	–ь	hirdia	–ia
Genitive	hirdis	–is	hirdia	–ia
Dative	hirdi	–i	hirdim	–im
Instrumental	hirdia	–ia	--	--

Sample nouns like hirdь: agent nouns in -arь (-aria), e.g. wahtarь (-aria) "watchman", lyrarь "teacher", andь "end", rīč "kingdom", bedь "bed", gytunž "language", finstarnys "darkness", herь "army" (genitive singular heries, dative singular heri).

The -wa declension

	snȳw, snȳ; snȳwa snow m.				knio; knio knee n.
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Nominative	snȳw, snȳ	–	snȳwa	–wa	knio	–o, –	knio	–o, –
Genitive	snȳwys	–wys	snȳwa	–wa	knewys	–wys	knewa	–wa
Dative	snȳwy	–wy	snewym	–ym	knewy	–wy	knewym	–ym

The -ō declension

This declension counterparts the first declension (a) of Latin, and the alpha declension (a/as) of Greek. It contains feminine nouns.

	dżāva; dżāvar gift f.
	Singular		Plural
Nominative	dżāva	–a	dżāvar	–ar
Genitive	dżāvar	–ar	dżāva	–a
Dative	dżāvaj	–aj	dżāvam	–am

Sample nouns of this declension: dżāva "gift", jerþa "earth", ȳra "honor", tala "number", triwa "fidelity", korunga "temptation", hardiþa "hardness", mildiþa "compassion", ganāþa "favor", losiunga "deliverance", stunda "time".

Verbs

Hard-stem weak verbs

liovan 'to love'

tense	ik	þū	er/siu/et	wīr	jūr	sia
present indicative	liova	liovar	liovaþь	liovam	liovaþ	liovandь
present subjunctive	liova	liovas	liova	liovam	liovaþ	liovan
past indicative	liovada	liovader	liovade	liovadem	liovaded	liovaden
past subjunctive	liovadi	liovadir	liovadi	liovadim	liovadid	liovadin
imperative	-	liova!	-	-	liovaþ!	-
present participle	liovand
past participle	liovad

Soft-stem weak verbs

hȳlin 'to heal'

tense	ik	þū	er/siu/et	wīr	jūr	sia
present indicative	hȳlia	hȳlir	hȳliþь	hȳlim	hȳliþ	hȳlindь
present subjunctive	hȳlia	hȳlis	hȳli	hȳlim	hȳliþ	hȳlin
past indicative	hȳlida	hȳlider	hȳlide	hȳlidem	hȳlided	hȳliden
past subjunctive	hȳlidi	hȳlidir	hȳlidi	hȳlidim	hȳlidid	hȳlidin
imperative	-	hȳli!	-	-	hȳliþ!	-
present participle	hȳlind
past participle	hȳlid

Strong verbs

wrītъn 'to write'

tense	ik	þū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	ija
present indicative	wrīta	wrītьrь	wrītьdь	wrītъmъ	wrītьd	wrītyndь
present subjunctive	wrīta	wrītyr	wrīty	wrītym	wrītyd	wrītyn
past indicative	wrȳt	wrȳtst	wrȳt	writym	writyd	writyn
past subjunctive	writi	writir	writi	writim	writid	writin
imperative	-	wrīt!	-	-	wrītъd!	-
present participle	wrītъnd
past participle	writъn

čeusъnъ 'to choose'

tense	ik	þū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	ija
present indicative	čeusa	čiusьr	čiusьþь	čeusym	čiusьd	čeusyndь
present subjunctive	čeusa	čeusyr	čeusy	čeusym	čeusyd	čeusyn
past	kaus	kaust	kaus	kurъm	kurъd	kurъn
past subjunctive	kuri	kurir	kuri	kurim	kurid	kurin
imperative	-	čeusь!	-	-	čiusьd!	-
present participle	čeusynd
past participle	kurъn

bindyn 'to bind'

tense	ik	þū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	ija
present indicative	binda	bindьrь	bindьþь	bindъmъ	bindьd	bindъndь
present subjunctive	binda	bindъir	bindъi	bindъim	bindъid	bindъin
past	band	bandst	band	bundъm	bundъd	bundъn
past subjunctive	bundi	bundir	bundi	bundim	bundid	bundin
imperative	-	bind!	-	-	bindьd!	-
present participle	bindъnd
past participle	bundъn