Roshterian: Difference between revisions
mNo edit summary |
|||
| Line 308: | Line 308: | ||
=====Evidentiality affixes===== | =====Evidentiality affixes===== | ||
Evidentials mark the source of the speaker's information; a ''lack'' of evidential marking signals that the verb is an imperative or a purpose clause. Other discourse affixes also go into this slot. | Evidentials mark the source of the speaker's information; a ''lack'' of evidential marking signals that the verb is an imperative or a purpose clause. Other discourse affixes also go into this slot. | ||
*'' | *''i-'' (before C), ''n-'' (before V) = I witnessed or otherwise directly experienced this | ||
*''pyn-'' = information I obtained from hearsay or am quoting | *''pyn-'' = information I obtained from hearsay or am quoting | ||
*''dre-'' = a third-party source I consider credible | *''dre-'' = a third-party source I consider credible | ||
| Line 328: | Line 328: | ||
For example: | For example: | ||
:''''' | :'''''Nonypicaasym.''''' | ||
:/ | :/nonəpikaːˈsəm/ | ||
:qa-ony-pi-caasy-m | :qa-ony-pi-caasy-m | ||
:DIR-CAUS.1SG-OBJ.4-eat-PROG.SUBJ.3SG.M | :DIR-CAUS.1SG-OBJ.4-eat-PROG.SUBJ.3SG.M | ||
| Line 414: | Line 414: | ||
Examples: | Examples: | ||
:'' | :''Iheeditaicyn raḏi am ḡiaf.'' | ||
:'I'm talking about love and hate.' (lit. I bespeak love and hate) | :'I'm talking about love and hate.' (lit. I bespeak love and hate) | ||
:'' | :''Idishoorin Qaaroshtherim.'' | ||
:'I live in Roshteria.' | :'I live in Roshteria.' | ||
| Line 504: | Line 504: | ||
To express "is a [NOUN]" or "is [ADJ]", the copula ''-(l)uan'' is suffixed to the bare stem of X; X plus the copula then goes to the normal stem slot for purposes of verb inflection. The noun itself doesn't go into the plural even when the subject is plural. | To express "is a [NOUN]" or "is [ADJ]", the copula ''-(l)uan'' is suffixed to the bare stem of X; X plus the copula then goes to the normal stem slot for purposes of verb inflection. The noun itself doesn't go into the plural even when the subject is plural. | ||
:''''' | :'''''Laiteitutu.''''' | ||
:la- | :la-i-teit-utu | ||
:merely-INFERRED-child-COP.PRES.3PL | :merely-INFERRED-child-COP.PRES.3PL | ||
:''In my opinion, they are mere children.'' | :''In my opinion, they are mere children.'' | ||
| Line 516: | Line 516: | ||
When the copula is added on nouns without an evidential, it emphasizes the noun or simply indicates the tense of an action (either past or non-past). | When the copula is added on nouns without an evidential, it emphasizes the noun or simply indicates the tense of an action (either past or non-past). | ||
:''''' | :'''''Metuumi bastaim.''''' | ||
: | :me-tuu-mi bast-aim | ||
:INFERRED-do-3SG.M.PFV king-COP.PST.3SG.M | :INFERRED-do-3SG.M.PFV king-COP.PST.3SG.M | ||
:''It was apparently the king who did it.'' / ''The king apparently did it.'' | :''It was apparently the king who did it.'' / ''The king apparently did it.'' | ||
| Line 766: | Line 766: | ||
A more analytic construction can also be used: the 3rd person singular inanimate possessive suffix is added to the noun, and the adjective comes after. | A more analytic construction can also be used: the 3rd person singular inanimate possessive suffix is added to the noun, and the adjective comes after. | ||
*''bryn'' 'red': '' | *''bryn'' 'red': ''Ibrynua hoget.'' 'The apple is red.'; ''hootibryn'' or ''hootit bryn'' 'red apple' | ||
*''ṉii'' 'big': '' | *''ṉii'' 'big': ''Iṉiilua huaryn.'' 'My house is big.'; ''huaryṉii'' or ''huaryt ṉii'' 'big house' | ||
*''ros̱ṯerim'' 'Roshterian': '' | *''ros̱ṯerim'' 'Roshterian': ''Iros̱ṯerimutu.'' 'They're Roshterian.'; ''Qaaros̱ṯerim'' 'Roshteria' (lit. 'Roshterian country') | ||
===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||
| Line 826: | Line 826: | ||
Roshterian is a verb-initial, head-marking polysynthetic language. Verbs take both subject and object affixes, and complex morphophonemic alternations are common. Where Roshterian deviates from typical Etalocian (or even Talmic) typology are features such as obviation, noun incorporation and evidential marking, making Roshterian resemble Native American languages such as Blackfoot or Ojibwe. | Roshterian is a verb-initial, head-marking polysynthetic language. Verbs take both subject and object affixes, and complex morphophonemic alternations are common. Where Roshterian deviates from typical Etalocian (or even Talmic) typology are features such as obviation, noun incorporation and evidential marking, making Roshterian resemble Native American languages such as Blackfoot or Ojibwe. | ||
:''''' | :'''''Itiraḏan.''''' | ||
: | :I-ti-raḏa-n | ||
:EVID_DIR-2SG.OBJ-love-1SG.SUBJ | :EVID_DIR-2SG.OBJ-love-1SG.SUBJ | ||
:''I love you.'' | :''I love you.'' | ||